American Art and Architecture
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- James Abbott McNeill Whistler
- Archibald M. Willard
- Architects Who Left Their Mark On America Louis Sullivan
Rembrandt Peale, 1778-1860, (U.S.) portraitist. Thomas Jefferson. Jackson Pollock, 1912-1956, (U.S.) Abstract Expressionist. Autumn Rhythm. American painter, who was a leader of the abstract expressionist movement. Studied at the Art Students League in New York City with Thomas Hart Benton. His early paintings, in the naturalistic style of Benton, depict the American scene realistically. Between 1943 and 1947 Pollock, influenced by surrealism, adopted a freer and more abstract style, as in The She-Wolf (1943). After 1947 Pollock worked as an abstract expressionist, developing the action-painting technique in which the artist drips paint and commercial enamels from sticks or trowels onto huge canvases stretched on the floor. By this method Pollock produced intricate interlaced patterns of color, such as Full Fathom Five and Lucifer (both 1947, Museum of Modern Art). After 1950 his style changed again, as he crisscrossed raw white canvas with thin lines of brown and black pigment. Among his paintings of this last period is Ocean Grayness (1953). Maurice B. Prendergast, c. 1860-1924, (U.S.) Post-impressionist water colorist. Umbrellas in the Rain. American painter, trained in art as a painter of advertising placards in Boston and later in France and Italy. Prendergast was a member of The Eight, a group of artists led by Robert Henri. The group had an influential exhibition in 1908; they broke with the academic tradition that reigned at the time and proposed that painting be connected to everyday life. His work is characterized by rich, powerful color applied in dots and in short brushstrokes. Many of his subjects are landscapes with figures, as for example, Central Park (1901). A number are of the seashore. Man Ray1890-1976, (U.S.) Dadaist. Observing Time, The Lovers. American painter, photographer, and leading figure in the artistic avant-garde in Paris of the 1920s. With his friend, the French painter Marcel Duchamp, he helped to found the New York City Dada group in 1917. Under Duchamp's influence, he began to work with new materials and techniques, for example, painting with an airbrush on glass and other surfaces. His “ready-mades”–such as his flatiron with tacks projecting from the bottom called The Gift (1921, Museum of Modern Art, New York City)–were made from everyday manufactured objects. He also pioneered in kinetic works, which have moving parts. Going to Paris in 1921, he developed “Rayographs,” abstract images made by placing objects on light-sensitive surfaces. He also became involved in surrealism and made art films, including L'Étoile de Mer (1928). The expressive possibilities of photography interested him increasingly. In later years in France, he experimented with new ways of making color prints, and he published an autobiography, Self Portrait (1963). Frederic Remington, 1861-1909, (U.S.) painter, sculptor, portrayer of the American West. Bronco Buster. American painter, sculptor, and writer, born in Canton, New York, and educated at the Art Students League, New York City. Remington is famous for the lively scenes, in paint and in bronze, of the old West that form the subject matter of most of his works. In the Spanish-American War he served as a war correspondent and artist. Among his paintings, admired for their forthright and unsentimental naturalism, are The Outlier (1909, Brooklyn Museum, New York City) and Cavalry Charge on the Southern Plains (1907, Metropolitan Museum, New York City). In 1895 Remington began to make clay models of his rugged subjects, which were subsequently cast in bronze. His first, Bronco Buster (1895, one casting in New-York Historical Society, New York City) displays the vigor and sense of movement of his paintings. His subsequent bronzes, such as Comin' Through the Rye (1902, Metropolitan Museum), in which four cowhands on horseback charge at the observer in glee, are daring for their technical skill in suspending large figures on slim supports–in this case on the hooves of the horses. Among the books he wrote and illustrated are Pony Tracks (1895), Crooked Trails (1898), and The Way of an Indian (1906). Norman Rockwell, 1894-1978, (U.S.) illustrator. Saturday Evening Post covers. American painter and illustrator, best known as a painter of magazine covers and illustrations for such prominent American periodicals as the Saturday Evening Post, the Ladies' Home Journal, and Look. He was born in New York City, and trained there at the Art Students League. His favorite subjects were everyday, often humorous, scenes which he executed with minute attention to detail so realistically that his paintings often resemble photographs. He also designed many posters and painted a famous series The Four Freedoms, based on principles pronounced by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1941, and incorporated into the Atlantic Charter. His autobiography, My Adventures as an Illustrator, was published in 1959. Albert Pinkham Ryder, 1847-1917, (U.S.) seascapes and allegories. Toilers of the Sea. American visionary painter. Many of his paintings reflect an obsession with the sea. His romantic, mystic style remained unaffected by outside influences. His technique, too, was idiosyncratic, involving thick applications of several coats of paint without allowing proper drying time, and heavy coats of varnish. For this reason, many of his paintings have badly deteriorated. Ryder lived reclusively, working painstakingly, often repainting a composition many times; thus, his works are difficult to date and his entire output consists of only about 160 canvases. His landscapes and seascapes include Toilers of the Sea (circa 1884, Metropolitan Museum, New York City) and The Race Track, or Death on a Pale Horse (1895, Cleveland Museum of Art). Later, he turned to scenes based on biblical or Shakespearean subjects–such as Jonah (1890s, National Collection of Fine Arts, Washington, D.C.) and Macbeth and the Witches (Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C.). His paintings, although small, are characterized by their luminosity and their balanced composition of forms and masses of subtle, monochromatic color. Augustus Saint-Gaudens, 1848-1907, (U.S.) memorial statues. Farragut, Mrs. Henry Adams (Grief).American sculptor. In 1875, he established a studio in New York City, executing figures and reliefs, principally in bronze. In 1876 he was commissioned to produce his first major public monument, the statue of American admiral David Glasgow Farragut in Madison Square. A notable portrait figure (1887) of Abraham Lincoln ; the Adams Memorial (1886-91) .; and the famous equestrian statue (1903) of the American general William Tecumseh Sherman. John Singer Sargent, 1856-1925, (U.S.) Edwardian society portraitist. The Wyndham Sisters, Madam X. American painter, who is known for his glamorous portraits of eminent or socially prominent people of the period. He was born in Florence, Italy, of American parents. He studied art in Italy, France, and Germany, receiving his formal art education at the École des Beaux-Arts and in the Paris studio of the noted French portraitist Carolus-Duran. He spent most of his adult life in England, maintaining a studio there for more than 30 years and visiting America only on short trips. Criticized for what some believed to be a superficial brilliance, Sargent's portraits fell into disfavor after his death. Since that time, however, these same canvases have been acknowledged for their naturalism and superb technical skill. About 1907 Sargent tired of portrait painting and accepted few commissions. He then worked chiefly on European scenes in watercolor, in a notably impressionistic style. Among his more famous works are El Jaleo (1882, Gardner Museum, Boston), Madame X (1884, Metropolitan Museum, New York), The Wyndham Sisters (1900, Metropolitan Museum), and Boats at Anchor (1917, Worcester Art Museum, Worcester, Massachusetts). Ben Shahn, 1898-1969, (U.S.) social and political themes. Sacco and Vanzetti series, Seurat's Lunch, Handball. American artist Shahn made his early impact as a painter with a series of two large panels and 23 small gouaches (1931-32) collectively called The Passion of Sacco and Vanzetti, based on a case that concerned the controversial execution of the two men for murder. These works were the first of many by Shahn classified as social realism, that is, paintings characterized by the social, usually liberal, attitude of the painter. Subjects he often painted were immigrants, the poor, sweatshops, and unflattering portraits of politicians. Shahn's work is notable for its strong, flat color and clear, incisive line. Charles Sheeler, 1883-1965, (U.S.) Abstractionist. Upper Deck. American painter and photographer in the precisionist style. During visits to Europe, he was profoundly influenced by the highly structured work of Paul Cézanne and the cubists. Their approach dominated both his photography, by which he made his living (1912-31), and his painting. Gradually he developed a highly personal, precisionist style combining the naturalistic and the abstract. Industrial scenes, in which he organized the hard-edged forms of machinery into abstract patterns, became his favorite subjects.Sheeler's early works, such as Upper Deck (1929, Fogg Art Museum, Cambridge, Massachusetts), are realistically detailed and subdued in color. In later works (the 1940s and '50s), such as Ballardville (1946, Addison Gallery, Andover, New Hampshire), shapes are simplified and colors brilliant. John F. Sloan, 1871-1951, (U.S.) depictions of New York City. Wake of the Ferry.American painter and etcher, born in Lock Haven, Pennsylvania, and educated at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, in Philadelphia. He worked as an illustrator for newspapers and periodicals in Philadelphia and New York City and was an instructor at the Art Students League in New York City from 1914 to 1938, except for the year 1930-31, when he served as its president. Sloan was one of a group of outstanding American artists known as The Eight, and also derisively as the Ashcan school because its members painted ruthlessly realistic scenes of city life. Sloan's paintings in the style of this school are especially noted for the vivid characterizations of people. He also painted scenes of Native American life in New Mexico and numerous portraits and nudes. Among Sloan's best-known paintings are McSorley's Bar (before 1905), Sunday, Women Drying Their Hair (1912), and Backyards, Greenwich Village (1914. David Smith, 1906-1965, (U.S.) welded metal sculpture. Hudson River Landscape, Zig, Cubi series.American sculptor, whose abstract metal constructions were an important and influential development in 20th-century sculpture. In 1933, inspired by published pictures of iron sculptures by the Spanish artists Pablo Picasso and Julio Gonzales, he produced his first metal sculptures from agricultural machinery parts and various other metal objects. In 1940 he exhibited Medals for Dishonor, 15 reliefs with a strong element of social commentary. During World War II, Smith worked in a locomotive factory, acquiring a lifelong interest in machinery and in large-scale constructions. Many of his sculptures of the 1940s, such as Royal Bird (1948, Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota), are grim metaphors for human violence and greed–gaunt skeletal works in which metal rods twisted around central cores assume suggestively organic shapes. Gilbert Stuart, 1755-1828, (U.S.) portraitist. George Washington. American portrait painter, born in North Kingston, Rhode Island. He grew up in Newport, R.I., where he studied painting before going to London in 1775. There he became the pupil of the expatriate American painter Benjamin West and was much influenced by the work of the English portrait painters Thomas Gainsborough and Sir Joshua Reynolds. In 1792, after establishing himself as a fashionable portrait painter in London and Dublin, Stuart returned to the U.S. His portraits, which number nearly 1000, brought him lasting fame, particularly the three he did of George Washington. His two most familiar portraits of Washington, of which he made over 100 copies, are the so-called Vaughan half-length type (1795, Metropolitan Museum, New York City) and the so-called “Athenaeum” portrayal (unfinished; 1796, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston). Stuart also did portraits of Presidents John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison and of the British kings George III and George IV. Thomas Sully, 1783-1872, (U.S.) portraitist. Col. Thomas Handasyd Perkins, The Passage of the Delaware. American portraitist, born in Lincolnshire, England, and brought by his parents to Charleston, South Carolina, in 1792. Trained as a miniaturist by his brothers, he worked with various American painters, including John Trumbull and Gilbert Charles Stuart. He also studied for a year (1809) in England with the American expatriate painter Benjamin West and the English portraitist Thomas Lawrence. Returning to the U.S., he settled in Philadelphia where he painted about 2000 portraits. Among his subjects were many major American historical figures, including Presidents Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and Andrew Jackson, all in a rich and colorful romantic style. John Trumbull, 1756-1843, (U.S.) historical themes. The Declaration of Independence. American painter, best known for his large historical scenes of the American Revolution. His calm, forceful early portraits show the influence of the Boston artist John Singleton Copley. He spent five years in London (1784-89) in the studio of the American history painter Benjamin West, where he produced his first scenes of the American Revolution. His assimilation of the influences of the Flemish painter Peter Paul Rubens's baroque grandiloquence and the French painter Jacques Louis David's calm nobility is evident in The Declaration of Independence (1794, Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut), probably his most important work, for which he had returned to the U.S. to sketch the signers from life. Trumbull settled permanently in New York in 1816 and in the following year was commissioned to execute monumental replicas of four of his revolutionary war scenes for the Rotunda of the Capitol in Washington, D.C. These works, however, are stiff and lifeless compared with the smaller originals. The liveliness, sparkle, and good composition of Trumbull's best paintings, however, considerably influenced early 19th-century American artists. John Vanderlyn, 1775-1852, (U.S.) Neo-classicist. Ariadne Asleep on the Island of Naxos. American neoclassical painter. His patron, the statesman Aaron Burr. The influence of the French neoclassical painter Louis David is evident in Marius Among the Ruins of Carthage (1807), which won Napoleon's commendation, and in several painstaking works of mythological subjects. Ariadne Asleep on the Island of Naxos (1814) is considered one of the finest American nudes of the period. Turning to portraiture after 1820, Vanderlyn produced strong characterizations of George Washington, James Monroe, and other famous contemporaries. Andy Warhol, 1928-1987 (U.S.) Pop Art. Campbell's Soup Cans. American painter and filmmaker, who was a leader of the pop art movement. He was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and educated at Carnegie Institute of Technology, and he practiced commercial art in New York City. He attracted attention in the 1960s with exhibitions of pop art objects from daily life, such as Campbell's Soup Can (1965, Leo Castelli Gallery, New York City) and Green Coca-Cola Bottles (1962), and of entertainers like Marilyn Monroe (1962). These images were silk-screened, a mechanical process that allowed them to be endlessly repeated. Warhol took a similar impersonal approach in his experimental underground films, such as The Chelsea Girls (1966), a seven-hour, virtually unedited semidocumentary. Later, more complex films, such as Lonesome Cowboys (1969) and Trash (1970), are also marked by improvised dialogue, lack of plot, and extreme eroticism. From 1969 until his death, he published Interview, a monthly magazine with illustrated articles about current celebrities. Benjamin West, 1738-1820, (U.S.) realistic historical themes. Death of General Wolfe. American painter of historical scenes and portraits, who was one of the leading artists of his time. He was born in Springfield (now Swarthmore), Pennsylvania, and was largely self-taught. He painted portraits in Philadelphia from 1746 to 1759. He went to Italy in 1759 and acquired a classical style of painting by copying the works of such Italian masters as Titian and Raphael. In 1763 West moved to England, where he soon gained the friendship of the English portraitist Sir Joshua Reynolds and the patronage of King George III, who commissioned him to execute portraits of members of the royal family and, in 1772, appointed him historical painter to the court. West was a founder, in 1768, of the Royal Academy of Arts and on Reynolds's death in 1792 succeeded him to the presidency. He became a leader of the developing realistic movement when his painting The Death of Wolfe (1771, National Gallery, Ottawa) broke the usual tradition of depicting soldiers in contemporary battle scenes wearing Greco-Roman costumes. West encouraged and influenced many young American painters who studied under him in London, among them Gilbert Charles Stuart and John Singleton Copley. Examples of his work include Penn's Treaty with the Indians (1772, Independence Hall, Philadelphia) and Death on a Pale Horse (1802, Philadelphia Museum of Art). James Abbott McNeill Whistler, 1834-1903, (U.S.) Arrangement in Grey and Black, No. 1: The Artist's Mother. American painter and etcher, who assimilated Japanese art styles, made technical innovations, and championed modern art. Many regard him as preeminent among etchers. He entered the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1851, did not do well in his studies, and left in 1854 to take a job as a draftsman with the U.S. Coast Survey. Three of Whistler's best-known portraits, Arrangement in Black and Grey No. 1: The Artist's Mother , Arrangement in Grey and Black No. 1: Thomas Carlyle (1872-1874), and Harmony in Grey and Green: Miss Cicely Alexander were painted around 1872. In 1877 he exhibited a number of landscapes done in the Japanese manner; these paintings, which he called nocturnes, outraged conservative art opinion, which did not understand his avoidance of narrative detail, his layers of atmospheric color, and his belief in art for art's sake. The English art critic John Ruskin wrote a caustically critical article, and Whistler, charging slander, sued Ruskin for damages. He won the case, one of the most celebrated of its kind, but the expense of the trial forced him into bankruptcy. In later years Whistler devoted himself increasingly to etching, drypoint, lithography, and interior decoration. The Thames series (1860), the First Venice series (1880), and the Second Venice series (1881) heightened his standing as an etcher and won him success when they were exhibited in London in 1881 and 1883. The Peacock Room, which he painted for a private London residence (begun 1876 and moved in 1919 to the Freer Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.), is the most noteworthy example of his interior decoration. Toward the end of his life, when he lived in Paris, Whistler came to be regarded as a major artist. He died in London on July 17, 1903. Archibald M. Willard, 1836-1918, (U.S.) The Spirit of '76. Grant Wood, 1891-1942, (U.S.) Midwestern regionalist. American Gothic, Daughters of Revolution. American painter, he taught art in the public schools of Cedar Rapids, Iowa (1919-24), and served as artist in residence (1935-42) at the University of Iowa. He added his own distinctive touches of affectionate irony and hard realism. This satirical treatment can be observed in Wood's most famous work, the double portrait, American Gothic (1930), and in Daughters of Revolution (1932) as well. Wyeth, Andrew Newell (1917- ) American painter, noted for his interpretations of the people and the austere rural landscapes of Pennsylvania and Maine. His media are chiefly watercolor and tempera; his colors are predominantly subtle shades of brown and gray. In his compositions he displays technical brilliance, realism, and affection for his subjects. Among Wyeth's best-known works are Christina's World (1948), Her Room (1963), and Spring Fed (1967). Perhaps the most popular painter of his day, he received the U.S. Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963, and in 1970 he became the first living artist to be accorded an exhibition in the White House. In 1986, 240 previously unknown works, all studies of a woman named Helga, were revealed to the public for the first time. Andrew Wyeth's son, James Browning Wyeth, is also an artist. Architects Who Left Their Mark On America Louis Sullivan - born in 1856 and died in 1924 - an opinionated Chicago architect - contibuted formidably to the further development of the skyscraper with his famous principle that “form follows function.” - he help make steel-skeleton highrises popular - he lived in an era of the post Civil War and great population growth. - his help of developing the sky-scraper allowed more people and work places to be packed onto a parcel of land - following the development of the steel-skeleton high rises that Sullivan helped to make popular many Americans were becoming modern cliff dwellers. - he earned the title of “Father of Modernism.” Henry Hobson Richardson - born in 1836 and died in 1886 - in addition to skyscraper builder Louis Sullivan, the most famous American architect of the age was Henry Richardson - Educated at Harvard and in Paris - settled in Boston and from there spread his immense influence throu- out the eastern half of the US - he popularized a distinctive, ornamental style that became to be known as “Richardsonian.” - high-vaulted arches, like those on Gothic churches, were his trademark. - his master piece and most famous work was the Marshall Field Building (1885) in Chicago - Richardson was noted for his capacity for champagne, his love of laughter, and the bright yellow vests he sported. Thomas Jefferson - was born in 1743 at Shadwell, Virginia and died in 1826 at Monticello, Virginia
- architect of revolution - probably the ablest American architect of his generation - he brought a classical design to his Virginia hill top home, Montichello, which was Jeffersons self-designed architectural marvel. - Monticello was perhaps the most stately mansion in the nation at that time
- the quadrangle of the University of Virginia at Charlottesville, another creation of Jefferson, remains one of the finest examples of classical architecture in America. - Jeffersons architectural peak carear was during a period of reform and culture.
- he studied civil engineering at Wisconsin, where the collapse of a newly built wing led him to apply engineering principles to architecture. - he became known for his low-built, prairie-style residences, but soon launched out into more contraversial designs, and is regarded as the leading designer of modern private dwellings, planned in conformity with the natural features of the land. - among his larger works are the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo and the Guggenhein Museum of Art in New York City - an innovator in the field of open planning, he died at Phoenix, Arizona. - he advanced the theory that buildings should grow from their sites and not slavishly imitate Greek and Roman importations. Richard Morris Hunt - born in 1827 and died in 1895 - he was a fationable siciety architect who established in the United States the manner and traditions of the French Beaux-Arts style - he took a prominent part in the founding of the American Institute of Architects and from 1888 was its prisident - Electic in style he was almost equally successful in the ornate style of the early Renaissance in France, in his picturesque villa style, and in the monumental classical style of the Lenox Library - in 1854 he was appointed inspector of works on the buildings connecting the Tuileries with the Louvre at Paris - he returned to NY in 1855 and designed the Lenox Library, the Tribune Building (1873), and the facade of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. - for the administration building at the world’s columbian exposition at Chicago in 1893, Hunt received the gold medal of the Royal Institute of British Atchitects Directory: uploads uploads -> 587 Return function, r i(X) r i(0) r i(1) r i(2) r i(3) 1 0 2 4 6 Thermal Station, I 2 0 1 5 6 3 0 3 5 6 10 uploads -> Department of science and humanities department of mathematics part-a questions and answers uploads -> The Case Against the nypd’s Quota-Driven ‘Broken Windows’ Policing What Is It? uploads -> For want of a nail uploads -> Ownership Models There are two different types of ownership models uploads -> Police Militarization uploads -> City of rising star regular meting thursday, july 14, 2016 uploads -> Township of winfield uploads -> Stop Militarizing Law Enforcement Act of 2014 uploads -> The Black Panther Party’s Ten-Point Program What We Want Now! Download 161.1 Kb. Share with your friends:
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