American Pageant 11th
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- Order of Star-Spangled Banner
- Elias Howe Issac Singer
- - John Deere
- Lancaster Turnpike
- Gov. DeWitt Clinton
John C. Calhoun -- Calhoun was Vice President under Andrew Jackson although he continually moved away from Jackson and his national policies and toward his native South Carolina and a states’ rights position. This is best seen in his writing of the South Carolina Exposition calling for nullification of the Tariff of Abominations, the Peggy Eaton Scandal, and the icy toast against Jackson, and then his resignation from the VP job. In 1834, Calhoun joined with Henry Clay against President Jackson, forming the beginnings of the Whig Party. Santa Anna -- Santa Anna was a Mexican dictator who in 1835 wiped out all local rights in Texas and started to raise an army to put down the Texans. With six thousand men he swept through Texas until he was finally defeated by Sam Houston's army. He then signed two treaties dealing with the border of Texas and the withdrawal of Mexican troops. Black Hawk – Black Hawk was the leader of the Illinois tribes of Indians in the 1830's. When the Indians were uprooted, and forced out of their homes, Black Hawk led the Indians in resisting the move. However, he wasn't powerful enough, because in 1832, they were brutally defeated, and forced to move into Oklahoma. William Travis -- William Travis was a colonel during the Texas Revolution. He fought on the side of the Texans against the Mexicans in 1836 at the Alamo in San Antonio, Texas. Colonel Travis and two hundred Texans were trapped at the Alamo by Santa Anna and his six thousand men. During this two week siege, all but one of the Texans was killed. Annexation – Annexation was a method used by the government to acquire and establish sovereignty over new territory. Sometimes force was used in annexation, but other times it is done through a legal system, such as a purchase. The U.S. annexed Texas in 1845. Antislavery -- Antislavery was a widespread idea (with most of its supporters being in the New England areas) in the 1800s. The North readily opposed the idea of slavery, because it was abusive and their economy didn't rely on it. But even in the South, in the 1820's, there were numerous antislavery societies. These societies were actually more numerous south of Mason and Dixon line. favorite son -- The term "favorite son" referred to the Whig candidates of 1836 that were not nationally known. They were only popular in their home states. The Whigs tried to use these men to scatter the vote and force the House of Representatives to choose the president. Specie Circular -- Jackson authorized the U.S. Treasury to issue the Specie Circular in 1836. It was a decree which stated that all public lands must be purchased with gold or silver money, because the B.U.S. was collapsing and the paper money floating around was almost worthless. This decree caused a run on the banks for gold and silver and, in turn, ignited the Panic of 1837. Slavocracy – The term “slavocracy” was the northerners' idea of the South trying to gain slave land. The idea had to do with Texas joining the union. People from the north thought the Southern slavocracy was involved in a conspiracy to bring new slave states to America. Tariff of 1833 -- This was a compromise bill. It would gradually reduce the tariff of 1832 by 10% over an 8 year period. It would be a 20-25% tax on dutiable goods. Henry Clay wrote the bill. It ended the nullification crisis over the “Tariff of Abominations” when South Carolina accepted the compromise. Panic of 1837 – This was the nation’s first economic depression. Banks loaned too much money out for Western expansion and they began to fail one by one. Hardship was acute and widespread and hundreds of banks collapsed. Martin Van Buren (who was president at the time) tried to "divorce" the government from banking altogether. This idea was not highly supported but the Independent Treasury Bill passed Congress in 1840. Although the Whigs repealed it the next year, the scheme was reenacted by the Democrats in 1846. Force Bill – The Force Bill was passed by the Congress in 1833. It was also knowns as the "Bloody Bill" to the Southerners. This bill allowed the president to use the Army and the Navy to collect federal tariff duties (if necessary). It was an result to the Nullification Crisis during this time and illustrated the stand-off between the federal government and states. Seminole Indians – This Indian tribe lived in Florida and waged a seven year war against the Americans in attempt to halt their being forcibly removed to the west. They were tricked into a truce where their chief Osceola was captured. Most were moved to Oklahoma while others remained hidden in the Everglades. Divorce Bill – This was a bill proposed by Martin Van Buren to move federal monies into a separate bank vault so it would not be connected with the ups and downs of the federal economy. It barely passed in 1840 by the Democrats, then repealed when the Whigs came into power a year later. It was, however, a predecessor of today’s Federal Reserve System. Bank of United States -- The federal Bank of the U.S. was first created in 1791 under Hamilton's economic plan. In 1816, the Bank of the U.S.'s charter was renewed. Because of the economic recession of the 1810's, the bank suffered great mismanagement until 1822 when Nicholas Biddle, a Philadelphia financier, became its president. Andrew Jackson, in 1831, vetoed the act to renew the bank's charter due to expire in 1836. Jackson then set out to kill the bank by withdrawing money and putting it in his “pet banks.” Because of the lack of the federal bank in 1836, the U.S. suffered through its first major economic depression. Banks went bankrupt, paper money became worthless, and the Panic of 1837 struck. Lone Star State—Texas, was first ruled by Spain for over 300. When Mexico became an independent country in 1821, Texas became a Mexican state and new settlers from the United States were welcomed. The large influx of Americans led to skirmishes with Mexican troops. After a successful war of independence against Mexico, Texans raised the Lone Star flag over their own republic in 1836. Their government was recognized by the United States and several other European countries. In 1845 Texas accepted annexation by the United States and was admitted as the 28th state. Independent Treasury -- Martin Van Buren passed the "Divorce Bill" in 1840 which created an independent treasury that took the government's funds out of the pet banks that Jackson had created and put them in vaults in several of the largest cities. This way the funds would be safe from inflation and denied to the state banks as revenue. Anti-Masonic Party -- The Anti-Masonic Party was a third political party that developed during the campaign of 1832 because of the fierce debate between Henry Clay and Andrew Jackson. This party also developed as opposition to the Masons (a secret society). It gained support from evangelical Protestant groups and people who were neglected by Jackson. However, it never took a majority position in elections. Pet Banks – These were state banks that existed in the 1830's and which received federal funds from Jackson. These funds were from the removal of the deposits in the B.U.S. in order to ensure the B.U.S.’s demise even before its charter ran out. These banks then loaned money and printed paper money to increase spending, which led to inflation. Jackson attempted to stop this inflation with the Specie Circular, which lead to the Panic of 1837. Whig Party -- The Whig party was a party that formed for those who opposed Jackson's views. It was created in the 1830s and the 1840s. When Jackson was elected, Clay and Calhoun formed a party for those who opposed Democratic views. The first Whig to become president was William Henry Harrison in the 1840 election. This fulfilled the re-emergence of the two-party system. Chapter 15 Forging the National Economy
The U.S. marched quickly toward the West which proved to be very hard with disease and loneliness. Frontier people were individualistic, superstitious and ill-informed of current matters. II. Shaping the Western Landscape The westward movement molded the environment. Tobacco overuse had exhausted the land forcing settlers to move on, but “Kentucky bluegrass” thrived. Settlers trapped beavers, sea otters, and bison for fur to ship back East The spirit of nationalism led to an appreciation of the American wilderness. - Artist George Catlin pushed for national parks and later achieved it with Yellowstone in 1872. III. The March of the Millions In the mid-1800s, the population continued to double every 25 years. By 1860, the original 13 states now had become 33 states; the American population was 4th in the world (behind Russia, France, Austria). Urban growth continued explosively. - In 1790, only New York & Philadelphia had more than 20,000 people, but by 1860, 43 cities had. - With growth came poor sanitation later, sewage systems and piped-in water came about. A high birthrate had accounted for population growth, but near 1850s, millions of Irish and German came. - They came due to a surplus population in Europe, but not all came to the U.S. - The appeal of the U.S. was for land, freedom from church, no aristocracy, 3 meat meals a day. - Also, transoceanic steamships were used meaning travel time dropped to 12 days and it was safer. IV. The Emerald Isle Moves West The Irish potato famine in the mid-1840s led to the death of 2 million and saw many flee to the U.S. - “Black Forties”—they mainly came to cities like Boston and especially New York (biggest Irish city). - They were illiterate, discriminated against by older Americans, and received lowest-paying jobs (railroad-building). - They were hated by Protestants because they’re Catholic. - Americans hated the Irish (such as “NINA”—No Irish Need Apply); the Irish hated competition with blacks for the low-paying jobs. - The Ancient Order of Hibernians was established to aid the Irish. - Gradual property ownership came about, and their children earned education. - The Irish were attracted to politics, and often filled police departments as officers. - The politicians tried to appeal to the Irish by yelling at London (“Twisting the Lion’s Tail”). V. The German Forty-Eighters a. 1 million Germans poured in between 1830s-1860s because crop of failures and revolution/war of 1848. - Liberals such as Carl Schurz contributed to the elevation of the U.S. political scene. - They had more money than the Irish, so they bought land in West, especially in Wisconsin. - Their votes were crucial, so they were wooed by U.S. politicians, yet they lacked potency because they were rather spread out. - The Germans contributed to the U.S. culture (i.e. the Christmas tree) and isolationism. - They urged public education (started kindergarten) and freedom (they were enemies of slavery). - They faced resent from old Americans because the Germans grouped themselves together, were aloof, clung to their old ways and kept speaking the German language and religion, and brought beer to the U.S. VI. Flare-ups of Antiforeignism
“nativists” – older Americans who were prejudiced against newcomers in jobs, politics religion Catholicism became a major faith due to the immigration of the 1840s and 50s; they also set out to build Catholic schools nativists feared that Catholicism challenged Protestantism (Popish idols) so they formed the “Order of Star-Spangled Banner” AKA, “The Know-Nothings” - they met in secrecy - “I Know-Nothing” was their response to any inquiries - fought for restrictions on immigration, naturalization & deportation of alien paupers - wrote fiction books about corruption of churches - there was mass violence, i.e. Philadelphia in 1844, which burnt churches, schools, and saw people killed - it made America a pluralistic society with diversity - as time passed, immigrants were less disliked since they were crucial to economic expansion & more jobs were becoming available (although they were low-paying) VII. The March of Mechanization
The industrial revolution spread to U.S. The U.S. was destined to become an industrial giant because… - land was cheap, money for investment plentiful, raw materials were plentiful - Britain lacked consumers for factory-scale manufacturing whereas America had the growing numbers - But, Britain’s long-established factory system was in competition with the infant U.S. industries - the Brits kept textile industry secrets as a monopoly (forbade travel of craftsmen & export of machines) Still, the U.S. remained very rural and was mostly a farming nation VIII. Whitney Ends the Fiber Famine Samuel Slater – “Father of the Factory System” - learned of textile machinery when working in British factory he escaped to U.S., was aided by Moses Brown and built 1st cotton thread spinner in the U.S. located in Pawtucket, Rhode Island (1791) Eli Whitney built a cotton gin (which was 50 times more effective than separating cotton seed by hand) - cotton economics were now profitable and saved the South with “King Cotton” - the South flourished and expanded the cotton kingdom westward - the Northern factories manufactured textiles (cloth), especially in New England due to its poor soil, dense labor, access to sea, and fast rivers for water power) IX. Marvels in Manufacturing The Embargo Act of the War of 1812 encouraged home manufacturing after the peace treaty at Ghent, the British poured in a surplus of cheap goods, forcing the close of many American factories who could not compete with long-established British companies Congress then passed Tariff of 1816 to protect U.S. economy Eli Whitney introduced machine-made inter-changeable parts (on muskets) - 1850 - this was the base of the assembly line which flourished in the North, while the cotton gin flourished South Elias Howe & Issac Singer (1846) made the sewing machine (the foundation of clothing industry) The decade of 1860 had 28,000 patents while 1800 only had 306 The principle of limited liability in a corporation (can’t lose more than invested) stimulated the economy Laws of “free incorporation” came about saying there was no need to apply for a charter from a legislature to start a corporation Samuel Morse’s telegraph connected the business world when he asked, “What hath God wrought?” X. Workers and “Wage Slaves” The factory system led to impersonal relations The benefit went to factory owner; hours were long, wages low, conditions unsafe and unhealthy, no unions existed to address these issues child labor was heavy; 50% of the industrial labor force were children adult working condition improved in the 1820s & 30s with the mass vote given to workers - 10 hour day, higher wages, tolerable conditions, public education, a ban of imprisonment for debt - in the 1840s, President Van Buren established 10 hour day for federal employees - many went on strike, but lost because employers simply imported more workers (the much-hated immigrants)
labor unions formed in the 1830s, but were hit by Panic of 1837 case of Commonwealth v. Hunt in Massachusetts Supreme Court (1842) legalized unions for peaceful and honorable protest however, the effectiveness of unions was small (due mostly to their threat of a strike was always undermined by the management’s ability to simply call in “scabs”, plentiful immigrants eager to work) XI. Women and the Economy women toiled in factories under poor conditions in Lowell, Massachusetts, a model textile mill employed young, single women under a watchful eye. opportunities were rare and women mainly worked in nursing, domestic service, teaching (encouraged by Catharine Beecher) women usually worked before marriage, after marriage they became housewives and mothers arranged marriages died down; marriages due to love tied family closer families grew smaller (average of 6); the fertility rate dropped sharply; this “domestic feminism” was crude a crude form of birth control child-centered families emerged with less children and discipline the home changed from a place of labor, to a place of refuge and rest from labor at the mill women were in charge of family: small, affectionate, child-centered families. This was a small arena for talented women XII. Western Farmers Reap a Revolution in the Fields the trans-Allegheny region (Ohio-Indiana-Illinois) became the nation’s breadbasket - they planted corn and raised hogs (Cincinnati was known as “the porkopolis” of the west” inventions that boomed agriculture - John Deere – invented the steel plow that cut through hard soil and could be pulled by horses - Cyrus McCormick – invented the mechanical mower-reaper to harvest grain this led to large-scale production and growth of cash crops The North produced more food than the South (who grew cotton); products flowed from the North to the South via sea and rivers, not East to West which need transportation revolution in roads and canals XIII. Highways and Steamboats improvements in transportation were needed for raw material transport Lancaster Turnpike – a hard road from Philadelphia to Lancaster, PA which brought economic expansion westward The federal government constructed the Cumberland Road AKA The National Road (Maryland - Illinois) with state and federal money Robert Fulton invented the first steamboat, the Clermont in 1807; steamboats were common by the 1830s - this caused an increase of U.S. trade because there was no concern for weather and water current - this contributed to the development of Southern and Western economies XIV. “Clinton’s Big Ditch” in New York
Gov. DeWitt Clinton’s Big Ditch was the Erie Canal between Lake Erie and the Hudson River - it shortened the expense and time of transportation (to one twentieth what is was before); cities grew along the canal and the price of food was reduced - farmers were unable to compete in the rocky soils of the East, so they went to the West XV. Pioneer Railroad Promoters
The 1st railroad in U.S. was introduced in 1828; by 1860, 30,000 miles of railroad tracks had been laid in the U.S. (3/4 of those tracks were up North) The railroads were 1st opposed because financiers were afraid of losing money from Erie Canal traffic; railroads also caused fires to houses from their embers. Early trains were poorly constructed (with bad brakes) and the gauge of tracks varied XVI. The Transport Web Binds the Union the steamboat allowed reverse transport of South to East and served to bind them together more canals led to more trade with East from the West (the South was left out with canals) New York became the queen port of the country, replacing New Orleans, thanks to the Erie Canal Principle of divided labor emerged with each region specializing in its own economic activity - South cotton to New England; West grain & livestock for the East & Europe; East machines, textiles for South and West The South thought the Mississippi River linked them to other states and the world; therefore, the South didn’t care much for paying for national road systems or canals (internal improvements) Transformed the home, it was once the center of economics, but now served as a refuge from work XVII. Wealth and Poverty These times widened the gap between the rich & poor Cities saw the greatest extreme - unskilled workers were “drifters” from town to town looking for jobs (1/2 of industrial population) - social mobility existed, although rags-to-riches stories were rare the standard of living did rise, however, as wages did rise (this helped diffuse any potential class conflict) XVIII. Cables, Clippers, and Pony Riders foreign exports - South cotton account for 50% of exports - North after the repeal of the British Corn Law of 1846, wheat became an important commodity in trade with England Americans imported more than they exported (causing substantial debt to foreign creditors) In 1858, Cyrus Field laid a telegraph cable between the U.S. & Europe (but died in 3 weeks); a better one was laid in 1866. This provided instant communication with Europe—a monumental step forward. American vessels had been idle due to embargoes and panics; the U.S. Navy made little progress - the golden age of the American merchant marine came in 1840s and 50s – Donald Mckay built the clipper ships which dominated the seas for a brief time (they were very fast, sleek, and long) - tea trade with the British grew and carried many to California - America’s brief dominance at sea with the clipper ships was crushed by British iron steamers, “Tea kettles” that were more reliable and could haul heavier loads, though slower.
speedy communication popped up from Missouri to California, in the Pony Express (going 2,000 miles in 10 days). The Pony Express was short-lived though, lasting but 2 years, and was replaced by the telegraph wire. Chapter 15 Vocabulary Samuel Slater -- He was a British mechanic that memorized the design of a textile mill then secretly moved to America. Then in 1791, with financial help from Moses Brown, he built the first textile factory in America. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System." Cyrus McCormick – McCormick was born in Rockbridge County, Virginia in 1809, and was very interested in helping out the fellow farmer. In 1831, he revolutionized the farming industry by inventing the mechanical reaper. He later improved upon it and patented it in 1834. He then started a company that manufactured this reaper and sold it on the market. He became tremendously rich doing this and later married. He was very generous to his nearby churches and schools. Download 2.71 Mb. Share with your friends:
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