Annex 1 to the Interim Report
Download 172.3 Kb.
|
- Navigate this page:
- PFOS derivatives and salts
|
Lindane has also been measured in groundwater samples in Germany, in a few cases as > 0.1 µg/l (3). The global marine background value for lindane has been reported to about 0.6 ng/l, with values ranging from 0.016 ng/l in lower reaches of the Atlantic to a maximum of 4.4 ng/l off the coast of Iceland in the Arctic (3). Slightly more recent (1990-92), values are 0.021-0.075 ng/l (3). Since sea water acts as a source of atmospheric lindane, it has been estimated that the accumulated levels in the sea can support the air concentration levels during 10-15 years (3). The global transport and distribution of HCHs exemplifies the "cold condensation" effect with volatilization soon after application, especially in the tropics, and partitioning from the air in colder environments, such as the Arctic (3,9). According to calculations of the overall HCH budget for the Arctic (9), the Arctic Ocean is in steady state with respect to lindane (input being approximately equal to output), while for -HCH there is a net export, mainly via ocean current advection and to a lesser extent by atmospheric processes. For HCH (- and -) the net output from the Arctic Ocean was calculated to about 200 tonnes/year in the early 1990's. By comparison, the net loading was calculated to about 80 tonnes/year in the 1980's, 80% of which was gas-phase deposition (9). Due to the widespread occurrence, it is concluded that all HCH isomers meet the criterion for long-range transport. Consequences Lindane is included in the list of "Substances Scheduled for Restrictions in Use", set up by the UN EC LRTAP. However, the importance of technical HCH as insecticide in general and lindane in particular has been declining in Europe (3). While in a period from 1970 to 1979 HCH made up around 13% of the insecticides used in Europe, it was reduced to <5% in the period 1991-96 (3). Furthermore, the use of lindane has decreased markedly since the middle of the 1990's (3). However, there is a large regional variance depending on the latitudes and the crops grown, e.g. maize, rape, rice and cotton require more insecticides than cereals and soya (3). In accordance with Commission Decision 2000/801/EC, plant protection products containing lindane can no longer be authorized within the EU. All use of lindane in plants protection products within the EU must have ceased by June 2002. Outside western Europe, inclusion in the Stockholm Convention may have negative effect on pest control. However, the large decline in world production of lindane (see above) indicates that there is a decreasing need for this particular substance.In the context of the OSPAR Convention, some alternatives to lindane have been listed: e.g. azaconazole, boric acid, chromic aid, copper/chrome/arsenic and sodium fluoride for wood preservative use; organophosphates and pyrethroids for insecticidal use in agriculture and for medical use (human and veterinary) and; acute poisons and anticoagulants for rodenticidal use (3).Should the use of HCH be stopped, identification of HCH in different environmental compartments would still be expected for a long time due to the accumulated concentrations in sea water and in the Arctic. References
Perfluorooctane Sulfonates (PFOS) C8F17SO3 PFOS belongs to a group of organic compounds which have in common that they contain fluorine atoms, i.e. all or some of the hydrogen atoms, bounded to the carbon chain, have been substituted with fluorine atoms. To the end of the carbon chain there is a reactive sulfonate group which could be associated with metal ions and other positive charged substances All other positions on the carbon chain are occupied by fluorine atoms. Perfluorooctane sulfonate ion itself has no Cas No.. In the table below there is a list of some selected perfluorooctane sulfonate compounds and their derivatives. All of them dissociate in water at neutral pH. A major part of the PFOS produced is incorporated into polymeric chains. PFOS has been used mainly as a surface treatment agent for carpets, fabrics, furniture, paper and leather.
Directory: fileadmin -> DAM -> env DAM -> United Nations st/SG/AC. 10/C. 3/2016/42 DAM -> United nations e DAM -> United Nations ece/trans/2016/33 DAM -> United Nations ece/trans/WP. 15/AC. 1/2014/13 DAM -> Technical Report on the development of a World-wide Worldwide harmonised Light duty driving Test Procedure (wltp) DAM -> WP. 29-153-32 (153rd wp. 29, 8-11 March 2011, agenda item 8) Korea Motor Vehicle Safety Standards Enactment/Revision Procedure for Automobile Management Act and Self Certification System DAM -> United nations e Download 172.3 Kb. Share with your friends:
|