All European powers agreed to maintain the Ottoman Empire
Rumania and Serbia proclaimed one independent country
Danube River was recognized as an international waterway
Creation of the Third Republic
Napoleon III was captured during the Battle of Sudan against the Germans
Because the head of the government was captured, the French Empire collapsed
The Germans refused to sign a peace treaty with a provisional government; so the French had to create a new government
Bismarck permitted universal male suffrage and a new National Assembly was elected
Parisians opposed the new government because this government was basically created by the Germans, not the French
The new government contained the presidential branch and the premier branch, which worked within a cabinet
The Premier eventually became the main executive power in France
Republicanism became more popular after 1879 because it became less radical and all other political parties failed
The Dreyfus Affair
The Dreyfus Affair occurred when a Jewish army officer, Captain Dreyfus was accused of selling government secrets and was deported to Devil’s Island
The real culprit was Major Esterhazy, and Major Henry, who forged documents to confirm Dreyfus’ guilt
Eventually, in 1899, he was pardoned and in 1906, he was fully exonerated
The aftermath of affair brought:
The exposition of corruption within the government
The first sign of Jewish prejudice
Separated church and state, using the laic laws
Most militant of the regimes, also the longest lasting
Showed that the French were capable of law and order
There was a mutual tolerance between the classes and no longer fought each other
Industrial workers became better off
Overall condition of living improved
Weaknesses of the Republic
Industrial progress lagged behind
Entrepreneurs took few risks, needed for industrial growth
Political parties were fragmented and could not work together.
There was no strong leader in France
French labor remained a steady source of discontent
The British Constitutional Monarchy The Reign of Queen Victoria
Queen Victoria (1837–1901) ruled most of the 19th century.
It was during her reign that the British Empire reached its peak
Liberals (Whigs)
William Gladstone
Appealed to industrial workers and commercialists
1884 Reform Bill – increased number of voters within England to 4 million
Forster Education Act – started state-supported, education
Goals accomplished by Gladstone during 1880-1885:
State-supported education
Secret ballots
Civil services exams
Workers compensation
Benjamin Disraeli
Conservatives (Tories)
Appealed to upper classes
Reform Bill of 1867 – increased number of voters within Great Britain to 2 million
Goals accomplished in 1874-1880:
Laws on public sanitation
Laws on factory and mining conditions
Attempted housing for the poor
1918 Suffrage Act – brought universal male suffrage and voting for women over 30
Parliament Act of 1911:
Brought salaries to the members of the House of Commons
Deprived the veto power of the House of Lords on money matters
Labor emerged as a major political force and the Labour Party was organized after 1900
During this time, Herber Asquith was Prime Minister and David Lloyd George was Treasurer
Removed restrictions on strikes and other trade union activities
Applied a progressive tax and inheritance tax
The Irish Question
Ireland was added to Great Britain during the Napoleonic Years and the threat of an Irish invasion as well as a French one
It was clearly a defensive measure
The Irish had two main grievances
Irish peasants were defenseless against their landlords
The Irish people were required to pay a tithe to the Church of Ireland (Anglican)
Gladstone attempted to disestablish the Church of Ireland and protect farmers
Disraeli bought out landlords and attempted home rule
Ireland was divided religiously by the Ulstermen (Protestants) and the Catholics
In 1914, Ireland was granted home rule
Bismarck and the German Empire (1871-1890)
German Unification
French and Russians always wanted to keep Germany divided
Western view of the individual – dominant good people
German view of the individual – same as Western, but believe that the person is no good without his group or nation
Germany was producing 6 times as much coal and had the best railroad system on the continent
Otto von Bismarck – Chancellor (Minister President) of Germany
Believed that unification is made “not by speeches or majority votes, that was the error of 1848 and 1849…but by blood and iron”.
Believed in Realpolitik
Stressed duty, honor, and fear of God
The Schleswig-Holstein Question – Danes united the province of Schleswig and Holstein under the Danish crown
Prussia got Austria to declare war on Denmark
Holstein given to Austria
Schleswig given to Prussia
Was important because it led to…
The Austro - Prussian War (Seven Weeks War)
War, which united the German states, controlled by Austria
Prussia obtained Holstein
Prussia and 21 other German states formed the North German Confederation
The Franco-Prussian War
Started when the Spanish asked Hohenzolern Prince Leopold to be their constitutional monarch
Bismarck influenced Leopold to be king
Benedetti, foreign minister of France, went to Elms to talk him out of being king
Bismarck recorded and edited the conversation and made it offending to the French
This is called the Elms Dispatch
France felt insulted and threatened and declared war on Prussia.
Napoleon III is captured
Bismarck proclaimed the German Empire in Versailles with William I as emperor
Brought great tension between the Germans and the French
Treaty of Frankfurt:
All southern German States were added to Germany
Alsace and Lorraine taken away from France
France desired revenge in order to gain these lands back
Ended Franco-Prussian War
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