Ap euro student study materials review Outline 1450-1991 Renaissance The Italian Renaissance



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Peace at Paris


All European powers agreed to maintain the Ottoman Empire

Rumania and Serbia proclaimed one independent country

Danube River was recognized as an international waterway

Creation of the Third Republic


Napoleon III was captured during the Battle of Sudan against the Germans

Because the head of the government was captured, the French Empire collapsed

The Germans refused to sign a peace treaty with a provisional government; so the French had to create a new government

Bismarck permitted universal male suffrage and a new National Assembly was elected

Parisians opposed the new government because this government was basically created by the Germans, not the French

The new government contained the presidential branch and the premier branch, which worked within a cabinet

The Premier eventually became the main executive power in France

Republicanism became more popular after 1879 because it became less radical and all other political parties failed


The Dreyfus Affair


The Dreyfus Affair occurred when a Jewish army officer, Captain Dreyfus was accused of selling government secrets and was deported to Devil’s Island

The real culprit was Major Esterhazy, and Major Henry, who forged documents to confirm Dreyfus’ guilt

Eventually, in 1899, he was pardoned and in 1906, he was fully exonerated

The aftermath of affair brought:

The exposition of corruption within the government

The first sign of Jewish prejudice

Separated church and state, using the laic laws

Strengths of the Republic


Most militant of the regimes, also the longest lasting

Showed that the French were capable of law and order

There was a mutual tolerance between the classes and no longer fought each other

Industrial workers became better off

Overall condition of living improved

Weaknesses of the Republic


Industrial progress lagged behind

Entrepreneurs took few risks, needed for industrial growth

Political parties were fragmented and could not work together.

There was no strong leader in France

French labor remained a steady source of discontent

The British Constitutional Monarchy

The Reign of Queen Victoria


Queen Victoria (1837–1901) ruled most of the 19th century.

It was during her reign that the British Empire reached its peak

Liberals (Whigs)

William Gladstone


Appealed to industrial workers and commercialists

1884 Reform Bill – increased number of voters within England to 4 million

Forster Education Act – started state-supported, education

Goals accomplished by Gladstone during 1880-1885:

State-supported education

Secret ballots

Civil services exams

Workers compensation


Benjamin Disraeli


Conservatives (Tories)

Appealed to upper classes

Reform Bill of 1867 – increased number of voters within Great Britain to 2 million

Goals accomplished in 1874-1880:

Laws on public sanitation

Laws on factory and mining conditions

Attempted housing for the poor

1918 Suffrage Act – brought universal male suffrage and voting for women over 30

Parliament Act of 1911:

Brought salaries to the members of the House of Commons

Deprived the veto power of the House of Lords on money matters

Labor emerged as a major political force and the Labour Party was organized after 1900

During this time, Herber Asquith was Prime Minister and David Lloyd George was Treasurer

Removed restrictions on strikes and other trade union activities

Applied a progressive tax and inheritance tax

The Irish Question


Ireland was added to Great Britain during the Napoleonic Years and the threat of an Irish invasion as well as a French one

It was clearly a defensive measure

The Irish had two main grievances

Irish peasants were defenseless against their landlords

The Irish people were required to pay a tithe to the Church of Ireland (Anglican)

Gladstone attempted to disestablish the Church of Ireland and protect farmers

Disraeli bought out landlords and attempted home rule

Ireland was divided religiously by the Ulstermen (Protestants) and the Catholics

In 1914, Ireland was granted home rule
Bismarck and the German Empire (1871-1890)

German Unification


French and Russians always wanted to keep Germany divided

Western view of the individual – dominant good people

German view of the individual – same as Western, but believe that the person is no good without his group or nation

Germany was producing 6 times as much coal and had the best railroad system on the continent



Otto von Bismarck – Chancellor (Minister President) of Germany

Believed that unification is made “not by speeches or majority votes, that was the error of 1848 and 1849…but by blood and iron”.

Believed in Realpolitik

Stressed duty, honor, and fear of God



The Schleswig-Holstein Question – Danes united the province of Schleswig and Holstein under the Danish crown

Prussia got Austria to declare war on Denmark

Holstein given to Austria

Schleswig given to Prussia

Was important because it led to…

The Austro - Prussian War (Seven Weeks War)

War, which united the German states, controlled by Austria

Prussia obtained Holstein

Prussia and 21 other German states formed the North German Confederation



The Franco-Prussian War

Started when the Spanish asked Hohenzolern Prince Leopold to be their constitutional monarch

Bismarck influenced Leopold to be king

Benedetti, foreign minister of France, went to Elms to talk him out of being king

Bismarck recorded and edited the conversation and made it offending to the French

This is called the Elms Dispatch

France felt insulted and threatened and declared war on Prussia.

Napoleon III is captured

Bismarck proclaimed the German Empire in Versailles with William I as emperor

Brought great tension between the Germans and the French

Treaty of Frankfurt:

All southern German States were added to Germany

Alsace and Lorraine taken away from France

France desired revenge in order to gain these lands back

Ended Franco-Prussian War


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