War at Sea
Allied forces stopped all trade with Germany
Germany attempted to blockade Britain by German U-boats or submarines
Germany declared unrestricted sea warfare
Germans sank the Lusitania, an ocean liner that carried around 180 American citizens
Italy joined the side of the Allies when promised lands of high-speaking Italians in Austria “irredentism”
Treaty of London (1915) – treaty that made Italy part of the Allies
The Zimmerman Telegram
Telegram penetrated by American forces during WWI
Germany wanted Mexico to declare war on the United States
Germany would help Mexico regain Southwestern United States
March 1917 – Troops rebelled and riots occurred in factories
Czar abdicated and provisional government was created
April 1917 – Lenin returned to Russia
November 1917 – Provisional government fell
Lenin and Bolsheviks came to power
December 3, 1917 – The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ended the war on the East, and much Russian land was given to Germany
Peace of Paris
Armistice (Nov. 11, 1918) – called for a cease-fire, Kaiser Wilhelm abdicated to Holland
During the summer of 1919, 5 treaties (named after Paris Suburbs) were signed
Main treaty that ended World War I is the Treaty of Versailles:
1. Germany lost colonies
2. German guilt clause
3. German military restrictions
4. Germany must pay reparations
5. League of Nations
6. Austria Hungary broken up
7. Yugoslavia, Poland, Czechoslovakia created
8. Montenegro and Serbia no longer existed
9. Polish Corridor divided Germany
There were four main countries and leaders “The Big Four”:
United States – Woodrow Wilson
Great Britain – David Lloyd George
France – Clemenceau
Italy - Orlando
The Fourteen Points – point for peace drawn by Woodrow Wilson: “Make the world safe for democracy”
No secret treaties
Freedom of the seas
Reduction of arms
Colonial readjustments
Self-determinations of nationalities
International Policy Organization to prevent war
This forms the League of Nations
Few European statesmen had any confidence in the League, and Wilson was obliged to compromise the other Fourteen Points in order for it to get accepted
World War II
The conditions of the 1930’s were basically those proposed by the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. Neither Germany, Italy, Japan, nor the USSR was content with these conditions. From the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931 to the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939, force was used by those who wished to upset international order, but never by those who wished to maintain it
Rise of Fascism in Italy
Fascism gained support from the fear of the Bolsheviks in Russia
Benito Mussolini (Il Duce) a newspaper editor, was incredibly nationalist and demanded irredentism
Favored Triple Entente because he wished for irredentism to be completed
Angry when the Allies did not fulfill irredentism
He formed different groups of soldiers that brought him power
Fascio di combattimento – army which was supposed to represent the power of Rome through combat
Blackshirts – army in favor and talking of irredentism
Squadristí – army that beat up people who opposed Mussolini
Oct. 1922 March on Rome – Mussolini marched into Rome and obtained power
Mussolini took over Rome and held free elections
Enforced 2/3 law, where the majority obtained 2/3 of the parliamentary seats
Fascists win, and Mussolini is elected into office by the Fascist Parliament
“Fascism was born of the need for action”.
Rise of Fascism in Germany
Wilhelm II fled to Holland and ended the German Empire (1918-1921)
Weimar Republic was established 1923
Germany is forced to pay reparations for the war, but they have no money
The United States came up with the Dawes Plan (1924), lending money to Germany so they can pay reparations
Germany and France signed Locarno Agreement, outlawing war between the two
In 1929, 69 nations signed the Kellogg-Brand Peace Pact was signed which outlawed warfare and attempted to instill peace
Germany was in a terrible state
Germany printed money excessively, which brought them deeper into depression
France took German lands because Germany could not afford to pay
Weimar Republic collapsed due to inflation
United States agreed to help Germany if they balance their budget and increase exports to the U.S.
In 1929, the Great Depression occurred in the U.S., and they could no longer afford to help Germany
6 million in Germany were unemployed
Fascist leader, Adolf Hitler promised to bring Germany out of depression
The Storm Troopers, Nazi soldiers were formed in 1921 to follow the Führer, or leader (Adolf Hitler)
The Beer Hall Putsch (1923) was a failed attempt to overthrow the Weimar Republic.
Hitler was sent to jail for this and he wrote Mein Kampf, a book that outlined his plan
His political group, the National Socialist German Worker’s Party or the Nazis, was elected into power
Italy in Ethiopia (Abyssinia)
In 1935, Mussolini attacked Ethiopia
The Italians did not forget the humiliating Battle of Adowa
League of Nations put an embargo on Italy. All goods were banned except for oil
Italy united Ethiopia with Somaliland
Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia protested against the Italians
In 1939, Albania conquered by the Italians
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