Ap euro student study materials review Outline 1450-1991 Renaissance The Italian Renaissance
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- Strengths of the Republic
- Weaknesses of the Republic
- The British Constitutional Monarchy
Peace at ParisAll European powers agreed to maintain the Ottoman Empire Rumania and Serbia proclaimed one independent country Danube River was recognized as an international waterway
Creation of the Third RepublicNapoleon III was captured during the Battle of Sudan against the Germans Because the head of the government was captured, the French Empire collapsed The Germans refused to sign a peace treaty with a provisional government; so the French had to create a new government Bismarck permitted universal male suffrage and a new National Assembly was elected Parisians opposed the new government because this government was basically created by the Germans, not the French The new government contained the presidential branch and the premier branch, which worked within a cabinet The Premier eventually became the main executive power in France Republicanism became more popular after 1879 because it became less radical and all other political parties failed The Dreyfus AffairThe Dreyfus Affair occurred when a Jewish army officer, Captain Dreyfus was accused of selling government secrets and was deported to Devil’s Island The real culprit was Major Esterhazy, and Major Henry, who forged documents to confirm Dreyfus’ guilt Eventually, in 1899, he was pardoned and in 1906, he was fully exonerated The aftermath of affair brought: The exposition of corruption within the government The first sign of Jewish prejudice Separated church and state, using the laic laws
Showed that the French were capable of law and order There was a mutual tolerance between the classes and no longer fought each other Industrial workers became better off Overall condition of living improved
Entrepreneurs took few risks, needed for industrial growth Political parties were fragmented and could not work together. There was no strong leader in France French labor remained a steady source of discontent
The Reign of Queen VictoriaQueen Victoria (1837–1901) ruled most of the 19th century. It was during her reign that the British Empire reached its peak Liberals (Whigs)
William GladstoneAppealed to industrial workers and commercialists 1884 Reform Bill – increased number of voters within England to 4 million Forster Education Act – started state-supported, education Goals accomplished by Gladstone during 1880-1885: State-supported education Secret ballots Civil services exams Workers compensation Benjamin DisraeliConservatives (Tories) Appealed to upper classes Reform Bill of 1867 – increased number of voters within Great Britain to 2 million Goals accomplished in 1874-1880: Laws on public sanitation Laws on factory and mining conditions Attempted housing for the poor
Brought salaries to the members of the House of Commons Deprived the veto power of the House of Lords on money matters Labor emerged as a major political force and the Labour Party was organized after 1900 During this time, Herber Asquith was Prime Minister and David Lloyd George was Treasurer Removed restrictions on strikes and other trade union activities Applied a progressive tax and inheritance tax
The Irish QuestionIreland was added to Great Britain during the Napoleonic Years and the threat of an Irish invasion as well as a French one It was clearly a defensive measure The Irish had two main grievances Irish peasants were defenseless against their landlords The Irish people were required to pay a tithe to the Church of Ireland (Anglican) Gladstone attempted to disestablish the Church of Ireland and protect farmers Disraeli bought out landlords and attempted home rule Ireland was divided religiously by the Ulstermen (Protestants) and the Catholics In 1914, Ireland was granted home rule
German UnificationFrench and Russians always wanted to keep Germany divided Western view of the individual – dominant good people German view of the individual – same as Western, but believe that the person is no good without his group or nation Germany was producing 6 times as much coal and had the best railroad system on the continent Otto von Bismarck – Chancellor (Minister President) of Germany Believed that unification is made “not by speeches or majority votes, that was the error of 1848 and 1849…but by blood and iron”. Believed in Realpolitik Stressed duty, honor, and fear of God The Schleswig-Holstein Question – Danes united the province of Schleswig and Holstein under the Danish crown Prussia got Austria to declare war on Denmark Holstein given to Austria Schleswig given to Prussia Was important because it led to…
War, which united the German states, controlled by Austria Prussia obtained Holstein Prussia and 21 other German states formed the North German Confederation The Franco-Prussian War Started when the Spanish asked Hohenzolern Prince Leopold to be their constitutional monarch Bismarck influenced Leopold to be king Benedetti, foreign minister of France, went to Elms to talk him out of being king Bismarck recorded and edited the conversation and made it offending to the French This is called the Elms Dispatch France felt insulted and threatened and declared war on Prussia. Napoleon III is captured Bismarck proclaimed the German Empire in Versailles with William I as emperor Brought great tension between the Germans and the French Treaty of Frankfurt: All southern German States were added to Germany Alsace and Lorraine taken away from France France desired revenge in order to gain these lands back Ended Franco-Prussian War
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