Ap euro student study materials review Outline 1450-1991 Renaissance The Italian Renaissance
Download 0.49 Mb.
|
- Navigate this page:
- The Crisis in Morocco
- Crisis in the Balkans
- The World at War
- The Schlieffin Plan
- The Armed Stalemate
After 1870, Europe lived in repressed fear of itself. All the great questions of the mid-century had been answered by force. By 1914, each of the continental powers not only had a huge army but millions of trained reserves among the civilian populationThe Rivaling AlliesThe Triple AllianceBismarck feared that a future war would break the newly united Germany In 1879, Bismarck made a military alliance with Austria-Hungary In 1882, he created a military alliance with Italy The alliance system was based on the idea that the allies must help out militarily if an ally goes to war with two or more countries A “reinsurance” treaty with Russia was signed, but was later broken by Wilhelm II through the dropping of the pilot in 1890 This treaty said that the powers would not bother one another This was an attempt to isolate France from the power of Europe.
1894 – the Franco-Russian Alliance was formed This was basically impossible because of physical barriers and completely different types of governments Britain had been living in “Splendid Isolation” because no one liked Britain due to the Fashoda Crisis and Boer War Admiral Mahan Said that Britain’s foundation of greatness was due to its superior navy A sea power can choke off any land power In 1904, Britain and France agreed to the Entente Cordiale (Friendly Agreement) France and Britain were to forget past feelings of last 25 years France recognized Britain’s control of Egypt Britain recognized French control of Morocco Support each other against protests from third parties In 1907, the Entente Cordiale was expanded to Russia at the Anglo-Russian Convention Britain and Russia recognized each other’s sphere of influence in Persia The Crisis in MoroccoWihelm decided to test the Entente Cordial and to find out if Britain would support France March 1905, Wilhelm II arrived in Morocco at Tangiers and made a speech about Moroccan independence An International Conference at Algeciras was held and all supported France except Austria The distrust of Germany caused England to become friendlier with Russia in 1907 In 1911, there was a second crisis The German gunboat “Panther” arrived in Morocco in order to protect the German citizens The gunboat was moved away when Germany became appeased by land in Africa This showed French weakness and exposed the “menace of Germany” Crisis in the BalkansSerbs, Bosnians, Croats, Slovenes all spoke basically the same language, just had a different alphabet Slavic nationalism began to feel a sense of Yugoslav (southern Slavic pride) or uniting all southern Slavs together Serbs viewed themselves as the “Piedmont” of Yugoslav and “Risorgimento” appeared
Russia would support Bosnia annexation to Austria Austria would support Russian warships to be able to sail through the Bosporus and the Dardanelles Austria conquered Bosnia, but did not support Russia Fait accompli (Fate accomplished) – Austria accomplishes what it has always wanted to do Bulgaria became independent Crete was annexed to Greece Russia protested against Austria, anti-Austrian feelings spreading The Balkans Strike Back Serbia, Greece, Rumania, and Bulgaria joined Italy in the First Balkan War against the Ottoman Turks Italy conquered Tripoli Macedonia split up between Bulgaria and Greece In 1913, the Second Balkan War against Bulgaria vs. Serbia, Rumania, Greece and Turkey Albania was made independent Return of the Balkans Austria-Hungarian Emperor Francis-Joseph was old The heir, Archduke Francis Ferdinand, was in favor for Slavic nationalism A Slavic secret society, the Black Hand, “Union or Death”, is a radical terrorist group 1914: Extremist of the Black Hand assassinated Archduke Francis-Ferdinand in Sarajevo
Austria declared war on Serbia in order to crush Slavic nationalism Germany gave a blank check to Austria because it gave no limitations on its support Russia mobilized their armies to protect the Southern Slavs Germany declared war on Russia France declared war on Germany France basically gave Russia a blank check Britain declared war on Germany after the invasion of Belgium The German decision to fight was on the assumption that Great Britain would not enter the war
Hold off Russia, which would take about 6 weeks to mobilize Move 78 German divisions through Belgium and encircle Paris and the French army Causes for the failure of The Schlieffin Plan: General Molke withdrew forces from the west to defend Prussia The Belgians put up unexpectedly stiff resistance The Russians mobilized faster than thought French counterattacked at the Battle of the Marne The Armed StalemateThe Western Front stretched from the North Sea to Switzerland The Eastern Front started from the Baltic Sea to Rumania Von Hindenburg won victories against Russia, especially at the Battle of Tannenburg The Southern Front was basically France and England attacking Turkey at the Dardanelles T. E. Lawrence led an insurrection in Arabia Gallipoli campaign was to defeat Turkey, ended disastrously Balfour Declaration – Britain supported the idea of a Jewish homeland in Palestine but not at the expense of the Arabs French General Joffre ordered a counterattack at the Battle of the Marne, Sept. 5-12 The Battle of Somme was a British offensive against Germany Germans attacked at Verdun, French were determined to stand ground. “They shall not pass” – General Petain Download 0.49 Mb. Share with your friends:
|