Ap euro student study materials review Outline 1450-1991 Renaissance The Italian Renaissance
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Early ExplorersPrince Henry the Navigator - Portuguese king, who made compass, revolutionized trading and open trade routes for Portugal. Vasco da Gama - discovered trade route to India (Portuguese) Columbus - “discovers” New World, west to go east Magellan - first to circumnavigate the world, larger than thought John Cabot - explored the Americas for England Jacques Cartier - North America explorer for France Cortez and Pizarro conquer Aztecs & Incas Spanish RuleExploitation vs. ColonizationDivide into two regions to rule (Viceroys) Council of the Indies in Spain made all decisions Viceroys enforce Class structure established Spaniards - came to visit or work and not stay Creole - European born in New World Meztizo - European Indian combination Mulatto - European Black combination mainly in Caribbean Islands Native Indians Economic Policies Ecomenda - grant of land given that includes Indians Hacienda - grant of land included some Indian working obligation English Came to colonize Usually fleeing some sort of persecution
Devoted Catholics who brought the Inquisition Inquisition - a torturous way of getting someone to become Catholic Philip II Most Catholic king Wealth from New World made him the most powerful ruler in Europe Sinking of Spanish Armada ended his power Wealth of New World caused great problems with inflation
Commercialized and became the financial center of Northern Europe Religiously tolerant, applied to Calvinist Controlled the Scheldt River Involvement with England Mary Stuart (Queen of Scots) - Catholic great granddaughter of Henry VII who married Henry III (King of France) Don Juan - Philip the Second sent him to the Netherlands. Was his half-brother and was supposed to raise taxes in Netherlands and stamp out Protestantism Goals were to: Invade England Subdue Protestants Overthrow Elizabeth I Put Mary Stuart on the throne Marry Mary Become king Reasons for National Solidarity: Popular fears of the Spanish Resentment of Catholic plots revolving around Mary Indignation against foreign meddling in English matters. Sir Francis Drake - English pirate who robbed Spanish ships and “singed the beard of the King of Spain” when he burned Spanish ships at the port of Cadiz. Circumnavigated the globe and found a new route to Russia. The Battle of the Spanish Armada - a fleet of Spanish ships sent to war in England Protestant Wind - the weather change that sunk the cumbersome Spanish ships, making England the country with the strongest navy. Results in Spain - Philip II died, production decreases Reasons: 1. Inflation 2. Taxation 3. Emigration (Moriscos) 4. Depopulation
Monarchs of EnglandHenry VII (1485-1509) established the House of Tudor Ended the War of the Roses which gave England a rightful monarch again For justice, he brought the Star Chamber, a court where criminals were tried, but without defense Henry used the Star Chamber to do away with his enemies Henry VIII - refer to Reformation information Elizabeth I Elizabethan Age (1558-1603) - age when Elizabeth I ruled and England flourished. Shakespeare wrote plays during this era High Commission – “Anglican Inquisition” in belief, but not in practice James I Philosopher of Absolutism wrote the True Law of Monarchy and rewrote the Bible (King James Version) He threatened to “harry the Puritans out of the lands” He wanted a pure Anglican government Known as “The Wisest Fool in Christendom” Charles I Inherited the English and Scottish thrones Claimed “divine right” and the Theory of Absolutism Fought against Spain in 1626 and in 1627 against France and Spain The war drained his money and he was forced to go to Parliament for more money Parliament made him sign the Petition of Rights Petition of Rights No one should pay taxes without consent of Parliament No one can be imprisoned or detained without due process of law No quartering of soldiers Martial law cannot be imposed during peacetime All citizens of England have Habeas Corpus Writ of Habeas Corpus - must be told rights for your arrest National Covenant of Scotland - we affirm our loyalty to the crown, but declare that the king could not reestablish the authority of the Church of England over the church of Scotland The Short Parliament - lasted only a month, Scots invade England shortly after The Long Parliament - when confronted with more financial problems, Charles I called the parliament together again, and they passed these laws: Parliament cannot be dissolved without its own consent No more than 3 years can pass between Parliament meetings Star Chamber, High Commission and Ship Money Tax abolished Additional - quartering of soldiers not allowed, Earl of Strafford executed
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