Ap euro student study materials review Outline 1450-1991 Renaissance The Italian Renaissance
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- The Hundred Days
- The Congress of Vienna
- Romanticism
The Age of NapoleonMilitary Accomplishments of Napoleon Treaty of Campo Formio - Napoleon gained control of Northern Italy Napoleon in Egypt Battle of the Pyramids (July 1798) - defeated Ottoman Turks in Egypt Battle of Abukir (July 25, 1798) - defeated the Turks and the British Battle of the Nile (August 1, 1798) - Admiral Nelson sank French ships near the Nile Babe Sieges - invited Napoleon in to overthrow the Directory Napoleon overthrew the Directory and set up the Consulate. This is known as the Coup d’etat Brumier Consulate Era (1799-1804) Results
Old System destroyed, new system based on equality, ability, and law was formed. Guaranteed triumph of a capitalist society. Gave birth to a secular democracy. Laid foundations for modern nation-state Aims
To govern France by demanding obedience, rewarding ability, and organizing everything in an orderly, hierarchical fashion The Code of Napoleon – first applied in France, but later affected Europe as a whole, it brought Strong central government and administration unity Religious order - Concordat of 1801 Financial/economical order - created Bank of France and taxed everyone Social order - allowed émigrés back as long as they behave Educational reforms - free public education Legal reforms - the Code of Napoleon
Because of these elections, Napoleon took power as Consul for life, then emperor French Empire Third Coalition (Britain, Austria, Russia, Sweden) vs. France Battle of Ulms (Oct. 17, 1805) - Napoleon vs. Austria, France victorious Battle of Trafalgar (Oct. 21, 1805) - Nelson vs. Spanish and French fleet, Britain victorious Battle of Austerlitz (Battle of the 3 Emperors) (Dec. 2, 1805) - France vs. Austria and Russia, France won Treaty of Pressburg - France and Austria Austria gave all Italian territory to France Austria gave all Germanic states to France
Polish territory given to Grand Duchy of Warsaw Allied with France against England France gave aid in conquering eastern countries France and Prussia Gave up all land between the Rhine and the Elb rivers The Continental System Crushed England through economic warfare Berlin Decree of 1806 - forbade the importation of British goods to Europe on allied or dependent of French territories. Britain reacted with the British Blockade Milan Decree of 1807 - any neutral vessel stopped by the British must be confiscated Denmark - joined France because England attacked Copenhagen Peninsular War - France invaded Spain and Portugal because of smuggling Duke of Wellington - prevented France from conquering Portugal Francisco de Gooier y Lucientes - painted a pessimistic drawing of the French soldiers
In 1812, Napoleon invaded Russia because they broke the Continental System. The Grand Army, containing over 650,000 men (a bulk of French soldiers) prepared to invade Russia. The plan was to quickly move to crush the Russians Battle of Borodino (Sept. 1812) - bloodiest battle, France vs. Russia. France was victorious Russians took up the “Scorched Earth Policy.” They burned all crops and retreated into their homeland. France conquered a barren country France occupied Moscow (Sept 14) only to find it empty When the French retreated, they were greeted by the harsh winter, which killed off much of their army Grand Army was reduced to 10,000 men
The eastern forces attacked France from the east, and the Duke of Wellington attacked France from the Pyrenees Mountains. France lost Frankfurt Proposal - Austria and France wanted Napoleon to remain in power and retain the natural boundaries of France (Rhine to the Alps) in exchange for Austrian dependency. Napoleon rejected this proposal The Hundred DaysNapoleon exiled to Elba France was not punished, but returned to pre-Napoleon status Louis XVIII was put back in power Napoleon escaped and came back to rule for The Hundred Days Duke of Wellington defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo ending the 100 days Louis XVIII returned “in the baggage of the allies” The Congress of ViennaAll countries were invited to the Congress of Vienna, but five remained dominant Metternich from Austria, prime force of the congress Castlereigh from Great Britain Alexander I from Russia Hardenburg from Prussia Talleyrand from France The attempt at the Congress of Vienna was to restore a balance of power Restore old rulers (Legitimacy) France was surrounded by strong states to prevent another Napoleon from taking power Kingdom of Netherlands united with Spanish Netherlands Savoy received Piedmont Austrians were given back the land lost in Italy Confederation of the Rhine broken into 39 states Prussia lands extended to the Rhine River, only to be broken by Hanover (British) HRE not re-established Czar Alexander tried to institute a Holy Alliance, but failed
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