Ap euro student study materials review Outline 1450-1991 Renaissance The Italian Renaissance
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- The Appeal of Marxism
- Republicanism
- Revolutions of 1830 and 1848
EconomicsAdam Smith - Republican economist who came up with Laissez-faire economics, where government does not get involved with the national economy in any way. Thomas Malthus - Classical economist who wrote An Essay on the Principles of Population, a book which described human growth as exponential and food supply as arithmetical Said that human population growth is a cycle and proposed the idea of: Positive Checks - war, disease, famine Preventive Checks - abstinence David Ricardo - Classical economist who wrote Principle of Political Economy and Taxation, a book which defined the Iron Law of Wages, a theory where human wages must be sufficient enough to buy food. Karl Marx - (1818-1883) - credited with the development of the communist idea of government Fredrich Engels - (1820-1893) - helped Marx create his ideas Communist Manifesto (1848) “Let the ruling class tremble at a communist revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. All working men unite!” Religion is necessary for order - “religion is the opiate of people” Family units are breaking down by the exploitation of women and children Workers are being deprived of the wealth he created The state is a committee of the bourgeoisie Goals of Communism Overthrow capitalism Create a dictatorship of the proletarian Educate proletarians Withering of the state leads to communism
History of humanity is the history of class struggle. The process of this struggle is dialect. Dialect - all things are in movement and evolving, changes come by clashing elements German philosopher that came up with ideal dialect Dialectical Materialism - Marx believed that the clashing elements were materials, not ideas The Appeal of MarxismStrengths - it was based on facts, and was therefore scientific Weaknesses: Workers did not rise up or look forward to a revolution Christianity was strong Strong nationality within people Also, in 1850-1870: Wages rose gradually Labor unions were organized Unions improved working conditions Working men could now vote Working class parties worked within system for changes Opportunism - someone taking advantage by using the opportunity to rise in power through the expenses of others …ISMS Classical Liberalism Contained men of business and professional class Believed in all that was modern, enlightened, and reasonable In favor of a representative government Favored Laissez-faire policies Frowned on established church and landed aristocracy Believed in free trade Believed in orderly change by the process of legislation Radicalism Waved aside all arguments based on history and custom Total reconstruction of society Detested church and wished to abolish the monarchy Radicalism was democratic
Looked forward to future revolutions Viewed church and monarch as bad Republicans were a little better than anarchists Socialism Concept of Marx that society can change to a Utopian state of communism Conservatism Upheld ideas of basically the old regime Followed the ideas of Edmund Burke (French Revolution)
Totalitarian rule with government guidance of economy while allowing a profit to be made. Other isms Materialism - wealth is measured by the amount of materials Realism - against romanticism, portrays realistic ideas Realpolitik (German) - give up utopian notions and follow you own practical interests. Disregard taste, ethics, and scruples and use any means to achieve your goals Revolutions of 1830 and 1848France Louis XVIII - Monarch of France after the reign of Napoleon Charles X - Monarch after Louis XVIII, wished to return France back to old regime 4 Ordinances:Chamber of Deputies dissolved Imposed censorship of press Reduced voting powers of bourgeoisie and returned it to nobles Called for new elections on these points Because of this, the old regime was restored. This angered the people and caused the July Revolution Lasted July 27-29, 1830 Republicans in Paris Charles sent military, but soldiers joined Revolution Charles fled to England People looked for Marquis de Lafayette for help and he picked the Duke of Orleans who became King Louis Philip. Began the Orleanist, Bourgeors, or July Monarchy. Louis Philip was the King of the French. Minor Revolutions Belgium - (1830) Rebelled against the Dutch Leopold of Saxe-Coburg new leader Set up a neutral nation Poland - (1830-1831) Polish nationalists against Czar Nicholas I No countries aided Poland due to their own problems Russia conquered Poland Switzerland - established a measure of liberalism Spain - Parliamentary upheaval and Civil Wars Italy and Germany - attempts to unify failed Great Britain Corn Laws - high tariffs put on grains coming into England Tory Reforms - loosened up strict government after threats of violence George Canning - Foreign Minister Robert Peel - Parliament Leader Reduced tariff duties Liberalized Navigation Acts Allowed skilled workers to emigrate Repealed Test Act of 1673 Introduced police force (Bobbies, named after Robert Peel) They, however, COULD NOT: Question Corn Laws Reform House of Commons
Reallocated seats within the House of Commons, but did not add seats Stabilized representation Moved power from rural to urban Download 0.49 Mb. Share with your friends:
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