Ap euro student study materials review Outline 1450-1991 Renaissance The Italian Renaissance
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- Revolutions of 1848 France
- February Revolution
- Other Revolutions in Europe
- Revolution in Italy
Britain after 1832Whigs and Industrialists formed the Liberal Party Tories and Radicals formed the Conservative Party Factory Act of 1833 - forbade labor of children under 9 in textile mills Ten Hours Act - women and children have a 10-hour limit Corn Laws repealed of 1846 - (Whigs were anti-Corn Laws) Industry is a governing element Free trade established Britain became dependent on imports Socialism - Socialism spread among the working class after 1830. In France, Robespierre and Babeuf were considered heroes. Socialistic ideas blended with a movement (chartist) for further parliamentary reforms. Some socialists at this time were… Henri de Saint-Simon Charles Fourier Robert Owen Chartist Movement – was led by working class. Only a few chartists were socialist, but all were anti-capitalist. Proposals: Annual elections to the House of Commons (by) Universal suffrage for all adult males (through) A secret ballot (and) Equal electoral districts. Abolition of property qualifications for membership to House of Commons (and urged instead) Payment of salaries to all elected Parliament members, in order that poor people could have say. The Chartists were rejected, and went on to form labor unions. Reform Act of 1867, universal male suffrage was granted Revolutions of 1848 FranceKing Louis Philip. - also called the Bourgeoisie Monarchy or the Orleanist Monarchy. During this period, republicanism, which was becoming more socialist. Guizot - Prime Minister of France. Opposed all change, believed in conservatism. Demands of the radicals - to have universal suffrage and to create a republic Demands of the liberals - more voting rights to middle class, but wished to keep a constitutional monarchy Both parties viewed Louis Philip and the July Monarchy as bad February RevolutionReformers planned “banquets” as a way of gathering. On February 22, 1848, a banquet was held and soldiers opened fire. In turn, the revolutionaries caused a street riot in Paris Louis Philip abdicated, flees to Great Britain On February 18, 1848, a provisional government was created under 10 men: 7 political republicans, 3 social republicans
Moderate Republicans and Conservatives dominated the National Assembly Legitimists - people who were in favor of the restoration of the Bourbon Dynasty Orleanists - people who were in favor of the restoration of the July Monarchy June Days of 1848 A class war between the middle class and the working class erupted National Assembly vs. National Workshop On May 15, the National Workshop dissolved the government General Cavaignac “The Butcher” - head of the French army who killed members during the Bloody June Days (24-26) of the National Workshop and gave the National Assembly back its power. The June Days brought fear of the lower working-class uprising all over Europe Germany 1848 Started in Berlin Frederick William IV - Prussian Kaiser who recognized nationality The Frankfurt Assembly - German people’s first attempt to unify Made of the middle class Had basically no power Their main goal was to unify Germany Their biggest question was “What is Germany?” Grand Germany - a Germany, which includes all German-speaking states Lesser Germany - a Germany with only Prussia, Hanover, and all HRE states They offered Frederick William IV the crown of a Constitutional Federal Union without Austria, but he rejected it because his equals, the German princes, did not offer it “I cannot pick up a crown from the gutter” Forty-eighter – émigrés from Germany Other Revolutions in EuropeThe Habsburg Empire contained 3 geographical areas with over a dozen language groups Metternich discouraged nationalistic manifestations Bellum Omnium Contra Omnes - war of all against all Revolution in HungaryThe March Days started when Lajos Kossuth of Hungary demanded independence Metternich fled to Great Britain Emperor Ferdinand I gave Hungary autocracy as long as they were loyal
Ferdinand abdicated and Francis Joseph became new monarch Revolution in ItalyMilan and Venice, provinces controlled by Austria, revolted in favor of a united Italy King of Sardinia, Charles Albert, the one true Italian dynasty, declared war on Austria Garibaldi - Southern Italian revolutionary Mazzini - made Pope Pius IV give up Papal States Pope fled to France, where Louis Napoleons decreed the Falloux Laws Ethnic division was caused by disunity among peasants, industrial workers, and the middle class
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