Aquaculture Affirmative fyi
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- 1AR- Solves disease
- IMTA solves disease- studies prove
AT: DiseaseIMTA innovations solve diseaseFOC ’13 [Aquaculture Science Branch of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, “AQUACULTURE in Canada: Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA),” http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/aquaculture/sci-res/imta-amti/DFO_Aquaculture-IMTA-eng.pdf] Researchers are exploring new cultivation techniques and various infrastructure designs to improve how a site operates, taking into consideration the specific hydrography of each site (e.g., currents, ¶ tides, waves). Models are being tested to help scientists predict the dispersal of farm waste and recapture of nutrients needed to achieve the right balance of inorganic and organic extractive species in an IMTA system. This information will help future IMTA sites scale up to commercial production levels. Aquatic Animal Health The influence of IMTA aquaculture practices on wild species, such as the effect of sea lice treatment products on sea worms (polychaetes), is being examined. Innovative research is also being done on filter-feeding bivalves, such as blue mussels, as a possible “green technology” to help control sea lice on farmed fish. By filtering out and ingesting sea lice larvae, they could potentially reduce outbreaks and limit the transfer of diseases, thus improving the overall health of the site and minimizing potential risks to wild species. Potential IMTA Species and Species Interactions A variety of new species are being examined to help fill the different feeding niches within an IMTA system. Part of this research will include looking at the efficiency at which these species can consume – and incorporate into their own biomass – the nutrients produced from aquaculture activities. Species will also be evaluated with respect to the biosecurity of the aquaculture site and how they might help to naturally control parasites and pathogenic viruses and bacteria. This will help reduce the environmental impact of a site, increase profits for the growers and provide consumers with a greater variety of safe products. 1AR- Solves diseaseIMTA prevents diseasePietrak ’11 [Michael Pietrak, Aquaculture Research Institute, University of Maine, “Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture: A Workshop,” http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/aquaculture/docs/imta/imta_white_paper.pdf] Potential for Disease Transmission on an IMTA Farm: “Can I add another species? ¶ Michael Pietrak, Aquaculture Research Institute, University of Maine ¶ Does adding a species to an IMTA site increase disease risk on the farm, or might there be a potential benefit? Can we insert mussels in the route of a waterborne pathogen and intercept it before it gets to our ¶ finfish? If so, what is the complete interaction is between the mussel and the pathogen? Our approach is to use a transmission model, and realtime PCR for analysis. Based on experiments, we are fairly certain that for infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV), mussels make a barrier, and we can use mussels as a highly preventative strategy to reduce the infection of ISAV on a site. It’s not coming through the water as a pathogen if it’s filtered by the mussels and it’s not going through any sort of alternative pathways. With ¶ Vibrio, we did a similar experiment, putting the bacterial pathogen and mussels together in water. The mussels immediately took up bacteria out of the water, and very quickly bioconcentrated a 2 log order of ¶ viable bacteria in the tissues. A depuration study showed that subsequently, none of the bacteria was ¶ ejected into the water, but rather, only in the fecal and pseudofecal material. The literature suggests that ¶ Vibrio can live in sediment. We tested this by exposing fish to fecal matter from mussels and found that ¶ Vibrio can infect them after passage through the gut of a mussel. Another pathway of infection is via sediment. Even when we are careful in species selection and we engineer our sites deliberately, there can be ¶ unintended consequences that may or may not be able to be fixed. When you bring new animals onto the ¶ farm, you have new disease threats: completion of life history cycles of parasites, and a suite of indirect ¶ interactions. Although the fate of a pathogen in the system is going to depend on the physiology of the ¶ pathogen as well the species that you’re growing on the site, in a larger view, these disease interactions are probably going to be relatively minimal, especially because we can apply good management techniques to minimize risk. IMTA solves disease- studies proveTowers ’13 [Lucy, editor of TheFishSite, a news service dealing with the fish industry and global market trends, “Integrated Multitrophic Aquaculture: How to Manage Diseases in an Artificial Ecosystem,” http://www.thefishsite.com/fishnews/19886/integrated-multitrophic-aquaculture-how-to-manage-diseases-in-an-artificial-ecosystem] The use of mussels in an Integrated Multitrophic Aquaculture system can help reduce the threat of ISA to fish. This was the result of research done by Ian Bricknell, University of Maine, which looked at how using mussels in an Integrated Multitrophic Aquaculture system can increase or decrease disease pressure, writes Lucy Towers, TheFishSite Editor. Speaking at a State of the Seas series lecture, Mr Bricknell stated that Integrated Multitrophic Aquaculture (IMA) is where more than one species is grown in the same environment. Waste products from the main crop are recycled to provide nutrients that are used to grow other crops, to support either your main crop or provide additional income to your farm. This system is therefore good to use as it provides the farmer with economic back up if the main crop fails, provides feed for other crops farmed and it lowers the carbon footprint. However, whereas a monoculture system only needs attention to be paid to one species, IMA requires thought and management to cover a range of species. A good health regime therefore needs to be considered as a treatment for the first crop may affect the secondary crop, Mr Bricknell said. In regards to disease, Mr Bricknell looked specifically at an IMA system using mussels and seaweed, which is ideal for the marine conditions in Maine, USA. The aim of Mr Bricknell's work was to find out whether or not mussels used in the IMA system acted as a reservoir for disease and therefore whether they helped or hindered the disease risk to fish in the close proximity. It is known that mussels filter bacteria but, can they be used to break bacteria/disease life cycles? Mr Bricknell stated that an integrated multitrophic fish farm, for example, if it had a pathogen event in the fish, the pathogens are shed from the fish and they interact with the mussels. "What we don’t know is whether the mussels will amplify that pathogen and cause a bigger infectious pressure in the wild or reduce that pathogen and provide a smaller infectious pressure in the wild. Equally, if a disease occurs in wild fish, it interacts with the mussels within the farm before it leaves the fish. Does that amplify that infectious pressure and put more pressure on the farm fish or does it reduce it and decrease that pressure?" said Mr Bricknell. In order to find out the answer, Mr Bricknell looked at infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPN). With ISA, Mr Bricknell found that the virus could not survive being exposed to mussels. “The mussels have taken up the virus but somehow inactivated and prevented the virus being viable, as we could not get it to grow in a fish tissue culture,” said Mr Bricknell. It is thought that the mussels do this by stripping ISA of its lipid outer layer. Next, Mr Bricknell looked at the tough little virus IPN. Sadly, it was found that with IPN the virus is cultured and concentrated in the feces of the mussels and then shed into the water where it can infect fish. In conclusion, Mr Bricknell found that the risk of ISA was decreased and with IPN, the risk was increased slightly, but it is quite clear that there are benefits of IMA to disease control, not just in reducing the carbon footprint of aquaculture. 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