Aquaculture Affirmative fyi
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- Sterilization solves the impact
- AT: Pollution
- Pollutants are small and covered by existing safeguards
AT: Fish escapeesNo impact to escapees- studies provePittenger et al ‘07 [Richard Pittenger is chairman of the Marine Aquaculture Task Force, former Vice President for Marine Operations and Arctic Research Coordinator for Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, former Chief of Staff to the U.S. Naval Forces in Europe, and Oceanographer of the Navy, Bruce Anderson, PhD in biomedical sciences from the University of Hawaii, is president of the Oceanic Institute, holds an M.P.H. in epidemiology from Yale University, Daniel Benetti is Associate Professor and the Director of Aquaculture at the University of Miami’s Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, has over 25 years experience in aquaculture worldwide, “Sustainable Marine Aquaculture: Fulfilling the Promise; Managing the Risks,” January, http://www.pewtrusts.org/uploadedFiles/wwwpewtrustsorg/Reports/Protecting_ocean_life/Sustainable_Marine_Aquaculture_final_1_07.pdf] The ability of escaped fish to disperse from and survive outside of the farm setting has been disputed by some researchers. One study observed that experimentally released farmed steelhead trout are likely to remain in the general area of the farm (Bridger et al.¶ 2001). In the study, 75 percent of released farmed fish stayed within 500 meters of the farm for 32 days. Additionally, observations¶ that escaped farm salmon often have empty¶ stomachs when caught may indicate that farmed fish lack knowledge required for foraging, and therefore surviving in the wild (McKinnell and Thomson 1997).¶ In a literature review assessing the risk of¶ interactions between Atlantic salmon and¶ populations of native salmon in Puget¶ Sound, Washington, Waknitz et al. (2003)¶ described many possible effects of aquaculture¶ escapes. The authors argue that Atlantic¶ salmon escapes from commercial aquaculture facilities likely have a very low risk of impacting the ecosystem, especially when¶ compared to the many other species introductions,¶ including deliberate introductions¶ of nonnative species and the stocking of¶ hatchery-reared Pacific salmon. The authors¶ note that over the last century governments¶ in the Pacific Northwest have led programs¶ to introduce Atlantic salmon to the area with¶ no success (Waknitz et al. 2003). Other¶ researchers, however, question whether the¶ historical introductions are an appropriate¶ model for the present. A far different ecological¶ landscape now exists in Pacific¶ Northwest rivers, with many populations of Pacific salmon at all time lows, possibly freeing¶ up habitats for Atlantic salmon to invade¶ (Volpe et al. 2001). Sterilization solves the impactDiana et al ’13 [James S. Diana, Professor of Natural Resources, University of Michigan, Research Scientist, Center for Great Lakes and Aquatic Sciences, UM, Chairman, Resource Ecology and Management Concentration, SNRE, Hillary S. Egna, Research Center Director at Oregon State University and Director of the Aquaculture & Fisheries Collaborative Research Support Program, Dr. Thierry Chopin, Scientific Director at the Canadian Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture Network, “Responsible Aquaculture in 2050: Valuing Local Conditions and Human Innovations Will Be Key to Success,” BioScience 63: 255–262, http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/63/4/255.full.pdf] Concerns abound regarding the genetic effects of escaped culture organisms on wild populations (Fleming et al. 2000), ¶ and these concerns may become even more intense as ¶ domestication causes greater differentiation between wild ¶ and domesticated genotypes. Induced sterility through polyploidy y (a genetic manipulation) is widely practiced, and the polyploidy of some species produces 100% sterile animals, ¶ whereas there have been less-certain results for other species ¶ (Piferrer et al. 2009). Another promising sterilization technique is to ablate the production of gonadotropin-releasing ¶ hormones through genetic methods (Weber 2009), but this ¶ is quite far from being a routine application in the field. ¶ The development of genetic technology to cause sterility is a promising technique to stem most problems caused by organisms escaping from culture systems and should ¶ be pursued as a first step in domestication for aquaculture ¶ purposes. AT: PollutionIMTA solves waste issuesWang et al ’12 [Xinxin Wang, Lasse Mork Olsen, Yngvar Olsen, Trondheim Biological Station, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, “Discharge of nutrient wastes from salmon farms: environmental effects, and potential for integrated multi-trophic aquaculture,” http://www.int-res.com/articles/aei2012/2/q002p267.pdf] One of the main challenges facing aquaculture¶ today is sustaining a continued increase in fish production¶ while minimizing the impact on the envi -¶ ronment (Sugiura et al. 2006, Navarrete-Mier et al.¶ 2010). The salmon aquaculture industry has taken a number of steps to reduce nutrient release from¶ salmon farming facilities. These efforts include optimizing feed composition and improvements in feed digestibility and feeding technology (Cheshuk et al.¶ 2003, Islam 2005). These measures reduced nutrient¶ loading and mitigated pressure on the environment.¶ These improvements of environmental technologies of cage culture have been significant in European¶ aquaculture over recent decades; for instance, the¶ mean economic feed conversion ratio (FCR) for the¶ Norwegian salmon industry was 2.08 in 1974 but can¶ now reach as low as 1.0 to 1.1 (Enell 1995, Piedrahita¶ 2003, Islam 2005).¶ Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) is a practical and viable solution for mitigating the possible¶ negative environmental impacts of waste produced¶ by fish aquaculture. It works by exploiting fish waste as a food resource for extractive and filter feeding species at lower trophic levels, thereby also giving¶ an added value to the investment in feed for cage¶ aquaculture (Barrington et al. 2001). IMTA has been¶ practiced for centuries in Asia (Li 1987, Fang et al.¶ 1996, Qian et al. 1996), where it is now commercially¶ successful at industrial scales. An example is the cultivation¶ of scallop, kelp and abalone in the marine¶ IMTA system of Sungo Bay, China, (Fang et al. 1996,¶ Troell et al. 2009). The approach is now also becoming¶ widely accepted in western countries (Troell et al.¶ 2009, Abreu et al. 2011, MacDonald et al. 2011) and¶ several pilot experiments using IMTA have recently¶ been conducted in Canada, Scotland and Australia¶ (Stirling & Okumus 1995, Cheshuk et al. 2003, Barrington¶ et al. 2010). In the Bay of Fundy, Canada,¶ blue mussels Mytilus edulis and kelps (Saccharina¶ latissima and Alaroa esculenta) reared close to¶ Atlantic salmon cages exhibited growth rates that¶ were 46 and 50% higher, respectively, than at control¶ sites. The products are now being sold commercially,¶ adding value to salmon production (Reid et al. 2009,¶ Troell et al. 2009). Pollutants are small and covered by existing safeguardsPittenger et al ‘07 [Richard Pittenger is chairman of the Marine Aquaculture Task Force, former Vice President for Marine Operations and Arctic Research Coordinator for Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, former Chief of Staff to the U.S. Naval Forces in Europe, and Oceanographer of the Navy, Bruce Anderson, PhD in biomedical sciences from the University of Hawaii, is president of the Oceanic Institute, holds an M.P.H. in epidemiology from Yale University, Daniel Benetti is Associate Professor and the Director of Aquaculture at the University of Miami’s Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, has over 25 years experience in aquaculture worldwide, “Sustainable Marine Aquaculture: Fulfilling the Promise; Managing the Risks,” January, http://www.pewtrusts.org/uploadedFiles/wwwpewtrustsorg/Reports/Protecting_ocean_life/Sustainable_Marine_Aquaculture_final_1_07.pdf] Marine aquaculture facilities produce a variety of wastes that are potentially harmful to the environment and which are discharged untreated into coastal and ocean waters. Wastes from marine aquaculture generally include dissolved (inorganic) nutrients, particulate (organic) wastes (feces, uneaten food and animal carcasses), and chemicals for maintaining infrastructure and animal health. In the United States, aquaculture discharges are currently small compared to other sources of water pollution, but little is known about the assimilative capacity of the marine environment for these pollutants. Additionally, marine aquaculture operations tend to cluster geographically, raising the¶ potential for cumulative impacts. If marine aquaculture expands considerably in the U.S., the choices made regarding the species and methods of culture, as well as¶ the location and concentration of facilities, will determine whether pollution effects from marine aquaculture will be substantial or minor. Discharges of pollutants from most marine aquaculture facilities are regulated under the Clean Water Act, which provides a variety of tools to protect marine water quality. If used effectively and creatively, the tools provided by the Clean Water Act can control pollution from marine aquaculture. Directory: wp-content -> uploads -> 2014 2014 -> For want of a nail 2014 -> Stop Militarizing Law Enforcement Act of 2014 2014 -> Ihbb asian Championships 2014 middle school bowl Round 4 First Quarter 2014 -> Ihbb european Championships 2014 Bowl Round 4 First Quarter 2014 -> International History Bee and Bowl 2013-14 Asian Division Question Set Bowl Round Six 2014 -> United states patent and trademark office 2014 -> Coffs harbour eisteddfod vocal syllabus 2014 -> Listen News Programs Schedule pledge now 2014 -> Slow club announce third album complete surrender Download 0.81 Mb. Share with your friends:
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