COUNTRIES WITH CURRENT UNITED NATIONS OBSERVERS/PEACEKEEPING

APPENDIX

II (Armed forces at sea): 75 UNT.S. 85.

III (Prisoners of war): 75 UNT.S. 135.

IV (Civilians): 75 UNT.S. 267.

GA Res 2675, 25 UN GAOR Supp. (No. 28) at 76, UN Doc. A/8028 (1971).

GA Res 2677, 25 UN GAOR Supp. (No. 28) at 77, UN Doc. A/8028 (1971).

GA Res 40/139, 40 UN GAOR Supp. (No. 53), UN Doc. A/40/53 (1985).

GA Res 41/35, 41 UN GAOR Supp. (No. 53), at 26, UN Doc. A/41/53 (1986).
International Conference on Human Rights: Human Rights in Armed Conflict, UN Doc. A/CONF.32/Res XXIII (1968).
Principles of international co-operation in the detection, arrest, extradition and punishment of persons guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity, GA Res 3074 (XXVIII) (Dec. 3, 1973).

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

This text was prepared using testimony by HLP/IED personnel before the United States Congress; reports and scholarly articles prepared by HLP/IED personnel; information obtained through HLP/IED missions or provided by HLP/IED delegates; reports circulated at United Nations sessions; UN, Council of Europe and OAS documents; and major media sources. The authors are particularly grateful for the valuable information provided by the Parliamentary Human Rights Group, both in terms of special communiqués and their published reports. The following citations represent a selection of sources other than those sited under each country used in the preparation of this text.

HLP/IED WRITTEN STATEMENTS AND PAPERS

E/CN.4/Sub.2/1990/NGO/26 (Kashmir)

E/CN.4/Sub.2/1990/NGO/31 (Armed conflict)

E/CN.4/1992/NGO/40 (Burma)

E/CN.4/1992/NGO/41 (Croatia)

E/CN.4/1993/NGO/41 (Bosnia)

E/CN.4/1993/NGO/46 (Croatia/Bosnia)

E/CN.4/1993/NGO/50 (Humanitarian law)

E/CN.4/Sub.2/1993/NGO/19 and Corr.1 (Tibet)

E/CN.4/Sub.2/1993/NGO/22 (Bosnia)

E/CN.4/Sub.2/1993/NGO/23 (Croatia)

E/CN.4/1994/NGO/37 (Sri Lanka)

E/CN.4/1994/NGO/42 (Joint statement: Iran (Kazem Rajavi))

E/CN.4/1994/NGO/53 (Croatia, Bosnia)

E/CN.4/Sub.2/1994/NGO/35 (Joint statement: Sri Lanka)

E/CN.4/Sub.2/1994/NGO/33 (Croatia/Bosnia)

E/CN.4/Sub.2/1994/NGO/25 (Joint statement: Iran)

E/CN.4/Sub.2/1994/NGO/32 (Joint statement: Western Sahara)

E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/NGO/17 (Sri Lanka)

E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/NGO/34 (Armed Conflict/Population Displacement)

E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/NGO/6 (Mexico)

E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/NGO/7 (Humanitarian concerns: Iraq)

E/CN.4/1997/NGO/49 (Gulf War/DU Weaponry)

E/CN.4/1997/NGO/50 (Mexico)

E/CN.4/Sub.2/1997/NGO/20 (Mexico)

E/CN.4/Sub.2/1997/NGO/21 (Weaponry)

E/CN.4/1998/NGO//89 (Self-determination)

E/CN.4/1998/NGO/90 (Arbitrary detention)

E/CN.4/1998/NGO/91 (Mexico)

E/CN.4/Sub.2/1998/NGO/24 (Sanctions)

E/CN.4/Sub.2/1998/NGO/25 (Weaponry)

E/CN.4/1999/NGO/118 (Mexico)

E/CN.4/1999/NGO/119 (Iraq-Sanctions)

E/CN.4/1999/NGO/121 (Moluccas/Acheh/East Timor)

Brazon, Lydia, R. Curley, & E. Ordaz, Nicaragua Elections Report (1996).
Brazon, Lydia, Mexico: Report of Election Monitoring (1994).
Brazon, Lydia & Dr. Kathryn Dowling, Report on Delegation to Chiapas (May 1998).
Brazon, Lydia, Report on United States Citizens Deported from Chiapas, Mexico (February 1999).
Fertig, Ralph, United States Armes Trade with Turkey Contributes to Genocide of Kurdish People (July 1998).
Fertig, Ralph, Mexico: A Battle in the War Between the Worlds (1994).
Fertig, Ralph & Patricia Krommer, The Current Conflict Between Turkish Armed Forces and the Kurds of Southeast Anatolia (1991).
Gottlicher, Darko, The Silent Occupation of Croatia (1993).
Gottlicher, Darko, Gross Violations of Human Rights in Central Bosnia (1994).
IED/HLP & California State Univerisity at Northridge, Joint Report on Delegation to Mexico (July 1998).
Howland, Todd, Report of Delegation to Acteal and Polho (1998).
Kent, Jack, Medical Status Evaluation of Imprisoned “Presumed Zapatistas” (1996).
Ordaz, Evangeline, Walking Together: The HLP/IED Escort of EZLN to National Indigenous Congress (1996).
Parker, Karen, Human Rights in Burma, Hearings before the Sub-comm on For. Op. of the Senate Appropriations Comm., 104 Cong., 1st Sess. (1995).
Parker, Karen, Human Rights in Burma, Hearings on Burma before the Sub-Comm. on Asian and Pacific Affairs of the House Comm. on Foreign Affairs, 103d.Cong., 1st Sess. 120 (1993).
Parker, Karen, Application of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law in Sri Lanka, Hearings on Sri Lanka before the Subcomm. on Asian and Pacific Affairs of the House Comm. on Foreign Affairs, 100th Cong., 1st Sess. (1987).
Parker, Karen, Military Operations: What is Legal and What is Illegal Under International Law (1988).
Parker, Karen, Religious Persecution in Pakistan: The Ahmadi Case at the Supreme Court (1994).
Parker, Karen, Republik Maluku: The Case for Self-Determination (1996).
Parker, Karen, The Kashmiri War: Human Rights and Humanitarian Law (1996).
Parker, Karen, Memorandum on Weapons and the Laws and Customs of War (1997).
Parker, Karen, Sanctions in Light of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law ( 1998).

PARLIAMENTARY HUMAN RIGHTS GROUP REPORTS

Peru: Terrorism, Torture and Human Rights, February 1996.
Capital Punishment in the USA: A Review of the Issues, March 1996.
Speak Together of Freedom: The Present Struggle for Democracy and Human Rights in Bahrain, March 1996.
Bahrain: a Brick Wall, June 1996.
Democracy at Gunpoint: Turkish Kurdistan, June 1996.
The Güclükonak Massacre, June 1996.
Iran: State of Terror, June 1996.
Postwar Developments in the Georgian-Abkhazian Dispute, June 1996.
Turkey Newsletter, June 1996.
Memorandum to the Consultative Group Meeting on Cambodia, July 1996.
Nigeria: Crisis of Nationhood II, July 1996.
The Bhutanese Refugee Situation, August 1996.
The State Security Court of Bahrain, August 1996.
The Elections in Kashmir, September 1996.
Sri Lanka: The Embilipitiya Case and the Rule of Law, September 1996.
The Conflict in Sierra Leone, October 1996.
Culture of Intolerance: Jehovah’s Witnesses in Bulgaria etc, March 1997.
Mexico: Human Rights Traded In, March 1997.
Pakistan: Persecution of the Ahmadis, March 1997.
Uncertainty and Despair: the Plight of Karen Refugees, May 1997.
Beyond the Yoke: The Human Rights of Women Refugees in the Dadaab Camps of Kenya, May 1997.
Torture in Saudi Arabia, January 1998.
The Crisis of Human Rights in Bahrain: the Rule of Law under Threat, August 1998.

UNITED NATIONS STUDIES

Cristescu, A., The Right to Self-Determination, E/CN.4/Sub.2/404/Rev.1 (1981).

Gros Espiell, H., Report on the Right of Self-Determination, E/CN.4/Sub.2/405/Rev.1 (1980).

GENERAL STUDIES

Buchanan, Allen, Secession: The Morality of Political Divorce from Fort Sumter to Lithuania and Quebec, Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, 1991.

Cassese, Antonio, Self-Determination of Peoples: A Legal Appraisal, Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Clark, Donald, & Robert Williamson, Self-Determination: International Perspectives, Macmillan Press Ltd, London, 1996.
Gottlieb, Gidon, Nation against State: A New Approach to Ethnic Conflicts and the Decline of Sovereignty, Council on Foreign Relations Press, New York, 1993.
Halperin, Morton & David Scheffer, Self-Determination in the New World Order, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington DC, 1992.
Hannum, Hurst, Autonomy, Sovereignty and Self-Determination: The Accommodation of Conflicting Rights, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996 (revised edition).
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, Pandemonium: Ethnicity in International Politics, Oxford University Press, 1993.

OTHER SOURCES

Achieng, J. “Comoros-Outlook: Political Forecast not so Bright,” Inter Press Service, 12/98.

Africa News Service, “Background Brief on Congo-Brazzaville”, 10/29/97.
Africa News Service, “Missionaries Leave Troubled Senegalese Region,” 11/21/97.
Africa News Service, “Namibia: Protesters Threaten ‘Rough Justice’,” 10/18/99.
Africa News Service, “Senegal: Casamance Peace Talks to Resume in January,” 12/28/99.
Agence France Presse, “Burundi Rebels Say 38,500 Civilians Killed Since July Coup,” 1/17/97.
Agence France Presse, “India Announces Ceasefire with Northeast Tribal Guerillas,” 3/15/00.
Agence France Presse, “Lesotho Bitter About Military Intervention a Year on,” 9/23/99.
Agence France Presse, “Namibia to Celebrate 10 Years of Independence,” 3/20/00.
Agence France Presse, “Pakistan Police on Alert as Tensions Rise After Shiite Massacre,” 1/5/99.
al-Ali, N., “Morocco-Rights: A High Price to Win Over Western Sahara,” Inter Press Service, 12/2/97.
Associated Press, “Iran Claims Improved Missile Technology,” 10/13/97.
Associated Press, “Lesotho in Ruins After South African Invasion,” 9/25/98.
BBC News, “Ethnic Split Haunts Fijian Politics,” 19/5/00.
BBC News, “Philippines: Moro Islamic Liberation Front Admits Having Saudi Consultants’,” 2/23/00.
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, “Government Signs Cease-Fire Accord with Rebels,” (from Le Soleil (Dakar, Senegal)), 12/30/99.
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, “Muslim Body Condemns Custodial Killings; Cases Filed Against Government,” (Kashmir), 1/4/97.
Beichman, A., “Political Payola for Policies?”, (Aceh/Moluccas), Washington Times, 12/10/96.
Berfield, S. and Mitton, R. “The General vs. ‘The Lady’,” (Burma), Asiaweek, 11/6/98.
Brittain, V., “Private View: Why Democratic Republic of the Congo is More than Another Little African War,” The Guardian, 12/28/97.
Buckley, Stephen, “Hutus Are Bloodying Central Africa,” The Washington Post, Feb.1, 1998.
Capdevila, G., “Algeria: UN Investigates Human Rights Violations,” Inter Press Service, 7/22/98.
Chatterjee, P., “Rights-Indonesia: Mobil Oil Implicated in Army Atrocities,” Inter Press Service, 12/29/98.
Cooper, J. “Politics-Liberia: Treason Trial Sparks Fear of Renewed Violence,” Inter Press Service, 12/28/98.
Cohen, R. “News Analysis: Algeria Fails to Curb Killings,” New York Times, 1/9/98.
Crossette, B., “Afghans and the U.N. Agencies Are Far Apart on Resuming Aid,” New York Times, 1/1/99.
Dahne, H., “Egypt’s Terror Groups in Identity Crisis One Year After Luxor Attack,” Deutsche Presse- Agentur, 11/14/98.
Daniszewski, J., “Reports Put Number of Algerians Slain in Past Week Near 1000,” Los Angeles Times, 1/7/98.
Darling, J., “Colombia Rebels Turn Vote into Risky Campaign,” Los Angeles Times, 10/19/97.
Davis, A., “Pakistan: State of Unrest,” Janes Intelligence Review, 1/1/99, vol. 11, no. 1.
Derbyshire, J., “Hell, No, Uighurs Won’t Go,” The Weekly Standard, 12/6/99.
The Economist, “China’s Rebellious Province,” 8/23/97, vol. 344.
The Economist, “Kosovo: On the Brink,” 11/1/97, vol. 344.
The Economist, “Savimbi’s Choice,” 1/17/98, vol. 346.
Europe Review World of Information, “Georgia: Review 1998,” 11/98.
Eveleth, A., “Somalia: One Small Step for Humankind in Somalia,” Africa News, 11/6/98.
Ferrer, Y., “Colombia: OAS Reports Drastic Human Rights Situation,” Inter-Press Service, 12/10/97.
Fisher, I., “Rwanda’s Huge Stake in Congo’s War,” New York Times, 12/27/98.
Fisk, R., “Taliban’s Secret Massacre,” The Independent, 11/29/98.
French, H.W., “Rebel Troops Win the Battle for Brazzaville,” The New York Times, 10/15/97.
Gelb, N., “Northern Ireland After Omagh: Uncertain Peace; Bombing in Omagh, Northern Ireland,” The New Leader, 10/5/98, no. 11, vol. 81.
Gouala, J., “Congo Troops Kills Dozen of Militia Foes Near Capital,” Agence France Press, 1/6/99.
Hecht, D., “Politics-Guinea Bissau: Conflict Threatens Regional Stability,” Inter Press Service, 6/30/98.
Herrera, J., “Columbia on Road to Peace; Rebels, Government Poised to Begin Talks,” Sun Sentinel, 11/7/98.
The Hindu, “India-Centre May Respond to ULFA Feelers for Talks,” 1/9/99.
Hiro, D., “Politics-Afghanistan: Foreign Arms Sustain Afghan Civil War,” Inter Press Service, 10/20/98.
Hiro, D., “Politics: Population: Tajiks and Uzbeks Strengthen Peace Deal,” Inter Press Service, 1/8/98.
Hiro, D., “Politics: Tajikistan: Renegade Commander Strikes Again,” Inter Press Service, 11/6/98.
Hoh, E., “China: Hear Our Prayer,” Far Eastern Economic Review, 4/13/00.
Hule, J., “United Nations-Sierra Leone: UN Sends Team to Sierra Leone,” Africa News Service, 1/8/98.
Inter Press Service, “Human Rights: Algeria: Govt Accused Over ‘Disappeared’,” 2/10/98.
Inter Press Service, “Rights-Sudan: Civilian Death Toll for Civil War is Two Million,” 12/20/98.
Irish Times, 27/5/99. Website:www.ireland.com.
Islam, T., “Politics-Bangladesh: Peace Deal to End Tribal Insurgency Derails,” Inter Press Service, 11/30/98.
Japan Economic Newswire, “Manila, Muslim Secessionists to Start Peace Talks,” 1/5/97.
Jones, G., “Moslem Exiles Say Fight Against China Rule Goes On,” Reuters, 1/12/98.
Kabutaulaka, Tarcisius Tara, “Beyond Ethnicity: Understanding the Crisis in the Solomon Islands.” Pacific News Bulletin, 5/00. Website: www.pcrc.org.fj.
Kayigamba, J., “Disarmament-Burundi: Injecting More Money to Contain Insurgency,” Inter Press Service, 1/6/99.
Kennedy, T., “Annan Makes New Effort on Western Sahara,” Washington Times, 12/3/98.
Kinzer, S., “Turkey Jails Dissidents Who Praise Rebel Kurds,” New York Times, 1/28/98.
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Kumar, V., “India-Multi-Pronged Strategy Needed in North-East,” The Hindu, 12/27/98.
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Kyodo News Service, “Kyrgyzstan Boosts Border Patrols to Contain Muslim Rebels,” 2/9/00.
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, Press Release, 27/5/00. Website: www.eelam.com.
Matloff, J., “Inch by Inch, Russia Loses Grip on Chechnya,” Christian Science Monitor, 1/21/98.
Maykuth, A. & Ridder, K., “The Genocide’s Over-The Horror Isn’t: Massacre Follows Massacre in Ravaged Rwanda,” London Free Press, 10/19/98, A7.
McNeil Jr., D., “Peacekeepers Prepare to Leave Unpeaceful Angola,” New York Times, 1/19/99.
Mooketsi, L., “Botswana: Botswana Agrees to Admit Namibian Asylum Seekers,” Inter Press Service, 1/19/99.
M2 Presswire, “U.N. Security Council Approves Increased Security for Georgia Observer Mission,” 11/26/99.
Muanza, M., “Angola Slides Back into All-Out Civil War,” Agence France Presse, 1/4/99.
New York Times, “Russia’s Public Enemy No. 1 Takes Charge in Chechnya,” 1/10/98.
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Noureddin, M. “1998: Turkey’s ‘Kurdish Year’ Par Excellence,” Mideast Mirror, 1/12/99.
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Ramirez, J., “Zapatista Says Chiapas Peace Depends on Indian Rights,” Reuters North American Wire, 1/12/97.
Reuters, “World Church Group Urges No Military Strike on Iraq,” 1/30/98.
Rupert, J., “12 in Israel Wounded by Hezbollah Rocket Salvo; Attack Called Retaliation for Deaths of 7 Lebanese When Jet Bombed House,” Washington Post, 12/24/98.
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Vick, K., “An Anarchic Somalia Lurches Toward Another Famine,” Washington Post, 12/27/98.
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Xinhua News Agency, “Chadian Southern Rebels Surrender to Government Forces,” 5/22/98.
Xinhua News Agency, “Fighting Claims 116 MILF Rebels in Philippines,” 3/20/00.
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