(final) oral examination – the stage when either the examiners (in Britain, Commonwealth countries or Europe) or the dissertation com- mittee (in the United States) formally discuss a student’s thesis with them, raising issues and problems and testing their ability to defend their argument and to discuss relevant questions in the academic discipline. Commonly called the viva in British-influenced systems, where it is held in private, and the dissertation defence in the United States, where most of the session is held in public. pp. 216–26] first-order subheading – the heading fora main section inside a chapter or paper. It is more prominent than a second-order subheading in terms of font and location on the page. p. 78] focus down model – a sequence for organizing a thesis that begins with along literature review, covering several chapters, during which the scope of the study is progressively reduced, followed by setup material. The main analysis or evidence chapters thus arrive late on within the thesis, and are typically followed by only a very brief analysis and conclusions chapter. pp. 53–9] footnotes – system of notes where the referencing materials and other elements are given at the foot of the page where a note number occurs, and not in a single bloc at the end of the chapter or book. pp. 132–3] Harvard referencing– a system for citing, where the author name and date are given in the main text at the reference point, and can be G LOSS AR Y 6 9 Get it down, then get it organized – write a quick first draft, without worrying too much about how it is structured, concentrating instead upon setting out your materials, stating arguments and expressing points. Then at the revision and upgrading stages focus hard on rearranging your materials into a single, clear argument sequence, grouping together and linking up closely related points. pp. 136–9]
looked up in a single bibliography at the end of the work. Notes are not needed in this approach. pp. 125–30]
