B bábi, Tibor



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Bocskai Crown – An enclosed gold crown decorated with pearls, rubies, emeralds and Persian motifs, reminiscent of 16th century works. On 11 November 1605, Lalla Mehmed received Prince István (Stephen) Bocskai (1557-1606) and his illustrious escort in Pest. He welcomed Bocskai as King of Hungary in the name of the Sultan and handed the crown over to him. Bocskai accepted the crown as a gift, not as a sign of royalty. The cross on top of the crown was added later at his request. After Bocskai’s death the crown passed into the possession of the Homonnai Drugeth family; but was later confiscated by the Palatine of Hungary and returned to the Habsburg King to be kept in his treasury in Vienna as a national property. Based on the decision of the 1920 Versailles-Trianon Peace Dictate, although the Hungarian nation claimed the crown as keeper of the legal title, it is still in the Vienna Museum. – B: 0883, 1031, T: 7673.→Bocskai, Prince István.

Bocskai, Prince István (or Bocskay; Stephen) (Kolozsvár, now Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 1 January 1557 - Kassa, now Košice, Slovakia, 29 December 1606) – Reigning Prince of Transylvania (Erdély, now Romania) (1605-1606), scion of an untitled landed gentry f amily. He was a page at the Vienna court; and upon returning to Transylvania he became Captain of Várad (later Nagyvárad, now Oradea, Romania) and was a leading member of the anti-Turkish party. In 1595, the Transylvanian and Wallachian (Erdély & Havasalföld) armies led by Bocskai, defeated the Turks. However, without the assistance promised by Vienna, Transylvania alone could not withstand the might of the Turks. Zsigmond (Sigismund) Báthory abdicated and the entire Principality became a devastated battleground. When Bocskai protested against the reign of terror imposed by the Austrian General Basta in 1602, the Viennese Court interned him in Prague for two years. Disillusioned by the Habsburg rule, he retreated to his estates and observed that the Emperor’s troops treated the Hungarians as enemies instead of allies. Prince Gábor (Gabriel) Bethlen, representing those who fled from Turkish rule, urged Bocskai to oppose Vienna and assemble an army with Turkish assistance. However, the plan was discovered and reported to the Emperor, who sent an army against Bocskai. Surprisingly, with a ragtag army of Hajdúks and 5,000 disarrayed troops, Bocskai defeated the Emperor’s army between Álmosd and Diószeg, triggering the start of the upsising. In 1605, the Diet of Marosszék elected him Reigning Prince of Transylvania, and later in the same year, the National Assembly of Hungary at Szerencs elected him Reigning Prince of Hungary. Bocskai raised the participating Hajdús out of feudal status and settled them in newly created cities with special freedom. The ancient privileges of the Szeklers were also restored. In November 1605 he met the Turkish Grand Vizier, Lala Mohamed in the Vác region. After many hours of discussion about the Transylvanian situation he spoke at a banquet in the presence of the Turkish hosts and the Hungarian guests about friendship with the Turks being more valuable than the forever promising but never delivering assistance of Austria. He was presented with a saber inlaid with precious stones, a royal miter, a flag, as well as a crown that was placed on his head. He immediately removed the crown and declared that Hungary can only have one duly elected royal head. He was an excellent soldier; but at the same time realized that Hungary needed peace above all. Thus he forged the Peace Treaty of Vienna (Bécsi Béke) in 1606 with King Rudolf I, whereby he secured the independence of Transylvania, the freedom of the Protestants, and even a peace between the two adversary powers, the Turks and the Austrians, which resulted in Hungary regaining her strength. He stipulated in his will the continued independence of Transylvania that would secure the unity of the country and its status as a national kingdom under favourable circumstances. He died very young in 1606, only after a short reign. Circumstances suggest that he may have been poisoned. – B: 0931, 0883, 1138, T: 3312.→Hajdús; Bethlen, Prince, Gábor; Basta, Georgio; Basta Cart, Bocskai Crown; Freedom Fight of Bocskai, Prince István; Bécsi Béke (1606); Bocskai, Prince István, Death of.

Bocskai, Prince István, Death of (Stephen) – There is a poetic reflection in four Hungarian songs on the death of the great ruler of Transylvania (Erdély, now in Romania) in 1606. Although their authors remain unknown, all four have survived in manuscript form. The most valuable among them is the one beginning “Mély álomba merült…” (He sank into a deep sleep…) in that the merits of the dead hero are enumerated with great poetic flair. Its author acknowledges belonging to the “unpaid servants”, the “ragamuffins” (Hajdúk) of István (Stephen) Bocskai and condemns the pomp of the gentlemen attending the funeral. Another song is a farewell poem narrated in the first person: the Reigning Prince speaking about himself. Two songs are about Chancellor Mihály (Michael) Kátay, who was accused of poisoning Bocskai and was lynched. – B: 1136, T: 7659.→Bocskai, Prince István; Hajdú.

Bocskai, Vince (Vincent) (Szováta, now Sovata, Transylvania, Romania, 16 December 1949 - ) – Sculptor. He studied at the Andreascu Fine Arts Academy (1974). He worked as an art teacher in Szováta between 1976 and 1981. He was member of the Marosvásárhely (now Targu-Mures, Romania) Workshop (1976-1981). From 1994 he taught in the Imre Palló High School of Arts at Székelyudvarhely (now Odorheiu Secuiesc, Romania). His works include the György Bernády statue; Nicolae Balsescu bust, Sándor Petőfi bust; a Memorial of former political prisoners in Székelyudvarhely; Memorial of the Heroes of Two World Wars in Szováta; Kelemen Mikes bust, and the Vilmos Apor bust. He exhibited in Nyíregyháza and in many Transylvanian cities, among them in Székelyudvarhely, Marosvásárhely. He is a recipient of the Kolozsvár Brothers Prize (1995). – B: 1036, T: 7103.→Palló, Imre.

Bocskor Codex – Handwritten songbook assembled between 1716 and 1739. János (John) Bocskor collected most of it at Csíkszentlélek (now Leliceni, Romania) and hence it is named after him. There are many songs of outstanding value among the 80 or so that make up the collection. Most notable are the lyrics from the Kuruc era – the times of Prince Ferenc (Francis) Rákóczi II. There is a version of the laments about the battles of Moonlight and Feketehalom; Pál Csinom (Csinom Palkó), and A Wandering Highwayman (Egy bujdosó szegény legény). Two of the historic songs are about the battles with the Tartars in 1657. The collection also has a large number of love songs, mostly from the 17th century which, like the songbooks of Transylvania (Erdély, now in Romania), are of great traditional value. Also of literary merit are the student songs in Hungarian and Latin. The Codex is now kept in the library of the University of Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania). – B: 1150, T: 7659.→Codex Literature; Rákóczi II, Prince Ferenc; Kuruc.

Bod Codex – This valuable literary record contains treatises entitled On Man’s Three Principal Enemies (Embernek három fő ellenségéről) and About Death (A halálról). Ferenc (Francis) Toldy separated these from the Cornidus Codex, in which they were originally found and he dedicated the collection to the memory of Péter Bod. Both reflections were written by Lea Ráskai, a Dominican nun living on the Island of Hares, now Margaret Island (Margit Sziget) in the Danube within Budapest) at the beginning of the 16th century. They are now preserved in the Budapest University Library. – B: 1150, T: 7659.→Bod, Péter; Codex Literature; Toldy, Ferenc; Ráskai, Lea.

Bod, Péter (Felsőcsernáton, now Cernat, Romania, 22 February, 1712 - Magyarigen, now Ighiu, Romania, 2 March, 1769) – Minister of the Reformed Church, historiographer. He came from an untitled noble Szekler family. His education began at the Reformed College of Nagyenyed (now Aiud, Romania) in 1724. Between 1729 and 1732, he taught at Nagybánya (now Baia Mare, Romania); thereafter he returned to the College of Nagyenyed, where he was librarian in 1736; then, in 1737, he became an assistant teacher. From 1740 to 1742 he studied at the University of Leiden, Holland, where he read Theology and Eastern Languages. Following his return he became Court Preacher to Countess Kata Bethlen; from 1746 he also served the Olthéviz (now Hoghiz, Romania) congregation. In 1749 he became Minister in Magyarigen, where he served to the end of his life. He also filled higher ecclesiastical offices. His literary activities embraced theology and literary history. His works include History of the Holy Bible (A szent bibliának históriája) (1748); History of God’s Militant Church (Az Isten vitézkedő anyaszentegyháza állapotának históriája) (1760); Historia universitorum in Transylvania (1776); Historia Hungarorum Ecclesiastica vols. i-iii (1888-1890); the Hungarian Athenas (Magyar Athenás) (1766) is the first literary history in the Hungarian language. It includes important details of 485 Hungarian writers, their life stories together with the list of their works and some criticism but mostly praise. Even today it is a much-used source book. He was the forerunner of the Age of Enlightenment in Hungary. – B: 0931, 1257, T: 7103.→Bethlen, Countess Kata Árva; Fogaras, Runic Inscriprion in Church; Bod Codex; Hungarian Runic Script.

Bod, Péter Ákos (Szigetvár, 28 July 1951 - ) – Economist. He completed his higher studies at the University of Economics, Budapest (1970-1975). He worked at the Institute of Economic Planning, Budapest (1975-1985) and held its Chair between 1985 and 1990. In the meantime he acted as an economic expert and was dispatched by the UN to Ghana (1986-1987). He was Visiting Professor at the State University of Portland, WA, USA in 1987 and 1988, a Member of Parliament for the County of Veszprém (1990-1991), Cabinet Minister of Industry and Trade (1990-1991), President of the Hungarian National Bank (1991-1994), Acting Director of the European Bank of Reconstruction and Development (WCRD), London (1995-1997), Professor of Economics at the University of Veszprém (1998-2000), and currently teaches at the Gáspár Károli Reformed University, Budapest. He was personal advisor to the President of Hungary, Ferenc (Francis) Mádl (2001-2005). His major works are: The Enterprising State in the Capitalist Economy of the Times (1987); Money, Power, Morals (Pénz, Hatalom, Erkölcs) (1997), and The World of Money - the Money of the World (A pénz világa - a világ pénze) (2001). He is one of the leading Hungarian economists. He is recipient the Middle Cross of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (2011). – B: 0874, T: 7456.→Mádl, Ferenc.

Bódás, János (John) (Tác, 7 February 1905 - Székesfehérvár, l May 1987) – Minister of the Reformed Church, poet. He completed his Theological studies at the Reformed Theological Academy of Pápa in 1928, and was Minister in Enying, Szombathely, and from 1939 to 1974 in Székesfehérvár. He published his volumes of sermons and poems under the titles New Secret (Új titok) (1926); Upwards (Felfelé) (1943); Today’s Preacher (Mai prédikátor) (1963); I Will Tell the World (Elmondom a világnak) a collection of poems (1987), and Petal and Fruit (Szirom és gyümölcs), selected poems (1983). His Collected Poems (Összes versei), was published in 2005. – B: 0879, 0878, 0876, 0877, 1257, T: 7103.

Bodnár, Gábor (Gabriel) (Miskolc, 9 September 1920 - Garfield, NJ, USA, 22 December 1996) – Boy Scout leader. He completed his elementary and high school studies at his birthplace. He joined the Boy Scouts in 1935, became a Boy Scout officer in 1939, and was elected member of the Boy Scout Great Council in 1942. He attended the Royal Ludovika Military Academy. In early 1945 he was evacuated with his military unit to the West. In Germany he worked for the reorganization of the Hungarian Boy Scout movement that was banned in Hungary in 1948, and soon became Commanding Officer of the Hungarian Boy Scout Alliance abroad and was its Acting President between 1961 and 1994. In 1951 he moved to the USA and settled in Garfield, NJ. His home became headquarters of the reorganized Boy Scout movement resulting in 80 active groups with 5,000 members in 14 countries. He successfully maintained the continuity of the movement. After 40 years in exile, following the collapse of Communism, the movement was revived in Hungary in 1989, as well as in the neighboring countries with large Hungarian population. He received the Middle Cross of Merit of the Republic of Hungary in 1992. – B: 1037, T: 7103.→Ludovika Royal Hungarian Military Academy; Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts in Hungary.

Bodoky, Richárd (Biberauer) (Budapest, 6 August 1908 - Budapest, 9 January 1996) – Minister of the Reformed Church, theologian, writer, translator of literary works. After completing his secondary education, he continued his studies at the University of Budapest. For the 1928-1929 semester he was able to study on a French scholarship at Strassbourg. Through his family connections he often visited Switzerland and the Netherlands and learnt German, French, English and Dutch. In 1932 he became Pastor at the Deaconate Institute (Diakonissza Intézet) of Budapest. As a result of his activities the deaconate service gathered strength until the persecutions and the outbreak of World War II. During the anti-Semitic and racial persecutions he worked actively in the rescuing and aiding service and established at Noszvaj (northeast of Eger) an orphanage for the children of forced labor workers. The motherhouse developed into a refuge for the politically persecuted. In the meantime he was President of the Hungarian Evangelical Christian Student Association (Magyar Evangéliumi Keresztyén Diákszövetség – MEKDSZ). In 1948 he was a member of the Hungarian delegation at the World Council of Churches – WCC (Egyházak Világtanácsa – EVT), Amsterdam. During and after the war years he worked as Director of the Deaconate Institute in Hungary until its dissolution in 1951. Subsequently he became Director of Bethesda Charitable Institute. For his charitable work during the 1956 Revolution and Freedom Fight he was thanked by the presidium; then on 1 March 1959, he was discharged and posted as Assistant Minister to the Congregation of Zugló, a northeast suburb of Budapest, and was not allowed to travel abroad. Later on he was employed as a co-worker at the newly established Reformed Synod Office and as such, he was able to travel and lecture abroad. He and his work went largely unnoticed in Hungary. He worked at the weeklies, Reformed Life (Reformatus Élet) and Christian Family (Keresztyén Család), and later the combination of the two: Life and Future (Élet és Jövő), in which he wrote articles and was also a member of the editorial boards. He was the representative of Hungary for the journal Glaube in der zweiten Welt published in Switzerland, dealing with the Christian life of eastern countries. His books include Mother House Deaconate in the Church (Anyaházi diakónia az Egyházban) and Life and Work of Livingstone (Livingstone élete és munkássága). He translated Stanley’s book: Christ on the Highway of India (Krisztus India országútján) with Dezső László; and with Teofil Spoerli: The Sin (A bűn). He received an Honorary Doctorate from the Reformed Theological Faculty of the University of Budapest in 1992. – B: 1942, T: 7456.

Bodonhelyi, József (Joseph) (Fülöpszállás, 15 March 1909 - Budapest, 24 October 1965) – Minister of the Reformed Church, Professor of Theology. He received his high school education at Kecskemét and his higher studies in Theology at the University of Debrecen (1928 -1932), at the University of Halle-Wittenberg (1932-1933), and at the University of Aberdeen in Scotland (1933-1934, 1935-1936). At the latter he obtained a Ph.D. in Arts in 1936. In 1938, at the University of Debrecen, he earned a Doctorate in Theology “sub auspiciis Gubernatoris”. In 1937 he received his Degree in Education (Dip.Ed.) and became an honorary lecturer (privatdozent) at the University of Debrecen. He worked as an assistant minister in a number of places; then, from 1939, as a minister in Orgovány, later in Debrecen. From 1941 until his death he was Professor of Practical Theology at the Reformed Theological Academy of Budapest and, from 1961, was concurrently one of the Ministers at the Kálvin Square Church of Budapest. His articles and studies appeared in learned journals in Hungary and abroad. Apart from his college and university notes he was the author of: The Spiritual life of English Puritanism and its Influences in Hungary (Az angol puritanizmus lelki élete és magyar hatásai) (1942), and The Age of Internal Mission 1896-1918 (A belmisszió kora 1896-1918) (1955). In 1960 he received an Honorary Doctorate from the University of Aberdeen. – B: 0883, 1160, T: 7456.

Bodó, Sándor (Alexander) (Szamosszegi) (Szamosszeg, 13 February 1920 - ) – Painter. He was born into a peasant family. Following his enlistment in the army he had an opportunity to attend the School of Arts and Crafts. He married his old schoolmate Ilona (Helena) Bodó. He wrote an anti-Communist text on a poster he was preparing that was originally meant to cajole people to buy Peace Loan Bond (Békekölcsön) in support of the Communist regime. Bodo got arrested on August 1955 but was released on 30 October 1956 during the Revolution. In December 1956 he left Hungary with his wife and a baby boy for the US and settled in Washington. They became American citizens in 1963, and in the same year they established the Bodo's Art Studio in Nashville, IN. In 1965, during the renovation of the White House in Washington, D.C., they were commissioned to restore its French paintings. This job inspired them to paint pictures with topics of the history of wars. In 1999 the Bodós moved back to Hungary. They opened the Bodó Art Salon and were involved in painting and exhibitions. In 2002, some of their 200 pictures and 24 plaques were exhibited. His wife Ilona (Helen) Bodó died soon afterwards. In early 2006 the artist donated nine of their historical paintings to the Museum of Military History, Budapest including The Siege of the Fortress of Eger (Az egri vár osroma); Retaking Castle Buda from the Turks (Buda visszafoglalása a töröktől), and The Escape (A menekülés). In 2008 there was an exhibition of Bodó’s picures at Felsőzsolca. – B: 1579, T: 7103.

Bodor, Ádám (Kolozsvár, now Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 22 February 1936 - ) – Writer. His higher studies were at the Protestant Theological Academy, Kolozsvár. He was a political prisoner between 1952 and 1954. From 1960 to 1968 he worked as a manual laborer. He became a freelance writer in 1968 and has lived in Hungary since 1982. He was Editor for the Magvető Publishing House from 1984. His major works include The Witness (A tanú) (1969); Arrival at the North (Megérkezés északra) (1978); Mount Zangezur (A Zangezur hegység) (1981); Visit of the Archbishop (Az érsek látogatása) (1999), and the The Smell of the Prison (A börtön szaga) (2001). He is recipient of a number of prizes, including the Prize of the Romanian Writers Union (1970, 1975), the Book of the Year Prize (1985, 1989), the Attila József Prize (1986), the Artistjus Prize (1989), the Sándor Márai Prize (1996), the Lifetime Prize (1996), the Laurel Wreath of the Republic of Hungary (1998), the Kossuth Prize (2003), and the Artisjus Literary Grand Prix (2011). – B: 0874, 0878, 1257, T: 7103.

Bodor, Péter (Erdőszentgyörgy, now Singeorgiu de Padure, Transylvania, in Romania, 22 June 1788 - Kolozsvár, now Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 17 August 1849) – Mechanic, a Szekler-Hungarian polymath. Having completed the lower levels at the College of Marosvásárhely (now Targu Mures, Romania) he served initially the noblemen of Transylvania (Erdély, now in Romania) and learned the trades of cabinetmaker, watchmaker, gardener and locksmith. In 1806 he studied at the Polytechnic of Vienna and traveled abroad thereafter. He returned to Transylvania in 1815 and worked at the Court of Lajos (Louis) Bethlen (autobiographer, 1782-1867) as an architectural mechanic. He produced numerous machines, such as the automatic distaff, flourmills, water conduits and water fountains. He settled in Marosvásárhely in 1818, where he worked as city engineer. There he constructed his famous “Musical Well” (Zenélő Kút). He built the 8-meter wide and 63- meter long Maros Bridge solely from wood and without iron nails. This was the first large bridge in Transylvania, and was in use until 1900. Soon after building the bridge he became entangled in a case of banknote forgery and was condemned to death. Thanks to the City’s intervention his sentence was commuted to seven years’ imprisonment; of that he served five years in Szamosújvár (now Gherla, Romania). He was released in 1827. He lived in seclusion and occupied himself mainly by building organs. His last invention was a multi-barreled organ cannon capable of shooting chained cannon balls; it was used in the battles of the 1848-1849 War of Independence. – B: 1078, 0883, T: 7674.→Freedom Fight of 1848-1849;

Bodrogi, Gyula (Julius) (Budapest, 15 April 1934 - ) – Actor, stage manager, theater-manager. He started as a folkdancer. He studied at the Academy of Dramatic Art, Budapest (1958). He joined the Attila József Theater (József Attila Színház), Budapest, and was a member until 1982. From then on he was Director of the Gaiety Stage (Vídám Színpad) and from 1996, its manager. He was excellent in character roles in classical and modern plays. He successfully appeared in plays, where there was scope for his musical talent and humor. From 1975 he taught at the Academy of Dramatic Art. His important roles include Tristan in Lope de Vega’s The Gardener’s Dog (El Perro del
Hortelano – A kertész kutyája); D’Artagnan in Duma’s The Three Muskeeters (A három testőr); Truffaldino in Goldini’s Servant of Two Masters (Arlecchino servitore di due padroni, Két úr szolgája); Shakepeare’s Richard II; Peacock in Brech-Weill’s The Threepenny Opera (Die Dreigroschenoper – Koldusopera); Gábor Borsos in Csurka’s The Great Clean-up (Nagytakaritás); Robert in Camelotti’s Boeing Boeing (Leszállás Párizsban); Lord McKinsely in Jacobi’s The Marriage Market (Leányvásár), and the French king in Kacsóh’s Hero John (János vitéz). His feature film roles include Suburban Legend (Külvárosi Legenda); Smugglers (Csempészek); Dreamless Years (Álmatlan évek); Alba Regia; Guns and Doves (Puskák és galambok); Swan Song (Hattyúdal); Titania, Romeo, Julia and the Darkness (Rómeo, Júlia és a sötétség); Jaguar, Direction Mexico (Jaguar, Irány Mexikó); Linda (series), as well as shows and cabarets. He stage-managed plays as well, among them Feydeau’s The Cat Sack (Zsákbamacska), Balzac-Kaló’s Droll Stories (Pajzán históriák); Katajev-Aldobolyi Nagy’s Crazy Sunday (Bolond vasárnap); Fekete Sándor’s Secret of Lilla’s Villa (A Lilla villa titka); Görgey’s Draughty House (Huzatos ház), M. Lengyel’s Ninocska; Magnier’s The Smile of Mona Marie (Mona Marie mosolya). Bo Vo Bo is the title of his record. He wrote stage adaptations, and a book: The Hunter Sometimes Cooks, too (A vadász néha főz is). He is a recipient of the Jászai Mari Prize (1962, 1967), the Merited Artist title (1973), the Outstanding Artist title, (1983), the Officer Cross of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (1996), and the Prima Prize (2012). He is the Actor of the Nation (2007) – B: 0874, 1031, 1439, T: 7103.


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