B bábi, Tibor


British Columbia (Canada)



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British Columbia (Canada), Hungarians in – In this most western province of Canada the first Hungarians arrived mostly from the USA in the 1880s; they emigrated to the New World searching for jobs. A second wave of migrants arrived after the Versailles-Trianon Dictated Peace Treaty (1920), which ceded two thirds of Hungary’s territory to the newly created neighboring states in the Carpathian Basin. The new rulers accorded such harsh treatment to Hungarians, now in minority, that many of them rather emigrated to foreign countries. They found employment as industrial workers in Vancouver, in the orchards of the Okanagan Valley, and as dairy farmers at Abbotsford-Huntingdon, some 50 locations mostly at Brittania Beach, Creston, Enderby, Fort St John, Kelowna, Fort Ladner, Lumby, Oliver, Osoyoos, Pentington, Powell River, Revelstoke, Trail, Willow River, Vancouver and Victoria. They started organizing themselves in the 1930s. The next group came to Canada after World War II in 1945. This wave was different, for it consisted mostly of intellectuals. After the crushed Hungarian Revolution of 1956, another wave arrived. Canadians were sympathetic towards Hungarian refugees and the government even hired charter flights to transport them from Europe to Canada. With this wave some 7,000 Hungarians arrived in British Columbia. Among them was a significant part of the Sopron Forestry Academy, teachers and students, who left Hungary en bloc and settled in Vancouver, where they successfully integrated into the University of British Columbia’s Forestry Faculty. There was a smaller influx of immigrants after the communist system collapsed in Hungary in 1989. According to 1981 statistics some 8,100 Hungarian-Canadians lived in Vancouver. Altogether 27,850 Hungarian-Canadians live in Bristish Columbia, mostly in the Vancouver area. According to the 2001 Census Canada, their number was 43,515. – B:1211, 1104, T:7103.

Broad Sword (pallos) – A double-edged sword first used by the Sarmatians. It was a common weapon of the Huns and Onogurs. It later became a common weapon of the heavy cavalry of the German army. In the Middle Ages a pallos-like sword was used for beheading convicts. – B: 0942, T: 7656.→Sarmatians; Huns.

Brocky, Károly (Charles) (Temesvár, now Timişoara, Romania, 22 May 1807 - London, England, 8 July 1855) – Painter. He studied in Vienna; and after years of preparation, took a study trip to Italy, and Paris, France. From there he moved to London by the invitation of an English lord. His paintings reflect a serious psychological analysis of the human physical form; and with his true-to-life portraits he became a favorite of the English aristocracy. He spent two more years in Vienna before returning to London in 1846, where he painted numerous attractive and delicate female portraits. He also painted the portraits of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, as well as György (George) Kmety and László (Ladislas) Mészáros, two prominent Hungarian personalities living in exile at that time. In the 1850s he painted several voluptuous nudes, half nudes and mythological characters, works that reflected his fine artistic qualities. His last self-portrait, dressed in red, is a gem of 19th century Hungarian fine art. Some of his other pictures include Poverty (Szegénység); Woman in Yellow Dress (Sárgaruhás nő), and Amor and Psyche and Resting Psyche. He is regarded as one of the most famous Hungarian artist of the first half of the 19th century. His works are to be found in many English private collections and in the British Museum in London, as well as in the National Gallery in Budapest. – B: 0883, 1124, 1285, T: 7653.→Kmety, György.

Brody, Adrien (New York City, 13 April 1973 - ) – Actor. He is the son of the well-known Hungarian photojournalist, Sylvia Plachy. He attended the High School for Performing Arts and the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. As an only child, he used to accompany his mother on assignments for the Village Voice. He experienced some years of no success as a film star – until Roman Polanski called him to portray a celebrated Jewish pianist in Nazi-occupied Warsaw. His performance was outstanding in the film The Pianist, where he was drawing on the heritage (and rare dialect) of his Polish grandmother. – B: 1081, T: 7456.

Bródy, Imre (Emeric) (Gyula, 23 December 1891 - Mühldorf, Germany, 20 December 1944) – Physicist. His higher studies were at the University of Budapest, where he earned a PhD. He first taught at a high school, thereafter became an assistant professor at the University of Budapest. Early in his career he accomplished valuable theoretical work, investigating specific heat and molecular heat. He emigrated to Germany in 1919; and for a short period he worked with Max Born as his assistant at Göttingen University. They jointly worked out the dynamic theory of crystals. He returned to Hungary in 1923 and worked for the United Incandescent Works (Egyesült Izzó), Budapest, as an engineer until the end of his life. His most important echievement was the invention of the long-life “krypton bulb”. It was well known that an incandescent body radiates its energy mostly in the form of heat and only a small part as light. By using krypton gas he developed an up-to-date lightbulb with longer life and better performance. The advantage of the krypton electric bulb was to emit more light without increased energy consumption. Its display at the Budapest Industrial Fair in 1936 was a technical sensation. He also developed a new process to ascertain the krypton content of air. Based on his experiments, the world’s first krypton factory was built in Ajka, Hungary in 1937. He died as a victim of Nazism. The Loránd Eötvös Society of Physics named a Prize after him, thus commemorating his life's work. – B: 0883, 1279, T: 7674, 7103.

Bródy, István (Stephen) (Nagykároly, now Carei in Romania, 1 May 1882 - Budapest, 4 January 1941) – Theater manager. His first staging of an operetta was at Győr in 1904. Soon he moved to Budapest, where he managed musical works in the Hungarian Theater, the Opera House, and in the Theaterette of Margaret Island in Budapest. In 1907 he became manager of the Vaudeville (Vígszínkör), later manager of the Margaret Island Theaterette, then the Revue Theater from 1918, still later manager of the Scala Theater, later that of the Theater of Eskü Plaza (Eskü téri Színház) from 1920. He had the Island Stage (Sziget Színpad) built and he also managed it in 1922. Later he moved to Vienna, where he was the manager and director of the Metropol Theater. – B: 0883, T: 7456.→Vajda, László.

Bródy, János (John) (Budapest, 5 April 1946 - ) – Musician, composer, lyricist. He studied electro-engineering at the Busdapest Polytechnic (1964-1969), but switched to a musical career. He was a member of the Illés Band (1964-1973), then a member of the Fonográf Ensemble (1974-1984). From 1979 he gave solo performces. He participated in more than 60 recordings, composed more than 100 songs, and wrote more than 500 lyrics. He composed music for films and plays. He is President of the Music Department of the Hungarian Creative Artists’ Union, that of the Artisjus Society, Spokesman of the Democratic Charta, and chargé de affaires of the Anti-Conscription League. His major works include Clement, the bricklayer (Kőmives Kelemen) (1981); István the King (István, a király) (1983); Anna Fehér (1988); The Cursed (A kiátkozott) (1997), and With You, Lord (Veled, Uram) (2000). Books written by him are: Hungarian Blues (1980); Sign Talk (Jelbeszéd) (1983); Keep Silent, My Mouth (Ne szólj szám) (1984); Without Sound (Hang nélkűl) (1988); On the other Side of the Street (Az utca másik oldalán) (1994); Ballads and Life-Scenes (Balladák és életképek) (1998), and When I Was Still a Little Kid (Amikor én még kis srác voltam), children song lyrics (1999). He is regarded as the creator of Hungarian pop-music, and is a well-known and popular artist. He is a recipient of several prizes and awards, among them the Special Prize of the Hungarian Art Foundation (1990), Jenő (Eugene) Huszka Prize, Ferenc Liszt Prize (1996), and a shared Kossuth Prize (2000). – B: 0974, T: 7103.

Bródy, Sándor (Alexander) (Eger, 23 July 1863 - Budapest, 12 August 1924) – Novelist, playwright, journalist. His high-school studies were left incomplete, and he worked as a clerk for a solicitor in Gyula, where his first articles appeared in the local paper. He also wrote short stories. By 1884 he moved to Pest and became known by his novels Squalor (Nyomor) and Doctor Faust (Faust orvos). He got a position at the journal Hungarian News (Magyar Hirlap). In 1888 he went to Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania) and was Editor at the Transylvanian News (Erdélyi Híradó) (1888-1889), Transylvanian Illustrated News (Erdélyi Képes Újság) (1889), and Kolozsvár Life (Kolozsvári Élet) (1889); then edited the journal Hungary (Magyarország) (1889-1890). In 1890 he returned to Budapest as a correspondent for the Hungarian News (Magyar Hirlap). For a year in 1900 he published the literary and political monthly White Book (Fehér Könyv), every issue written by him. From 1903 to 1905 he edited his own weekly Future (Jövendő), in which he criticized the social absurdities of the time. As a writer he had a romantic disposition, regarding Mór (Maurice) Jókai, the great novelist of the 19th century, as well as the naturalist Émile Zola as his models. He lived a tough life. In the summer of 1905 on the Semmering Pass, Austria, he tried to commit suicide, but recovered and became the correspondent at the journals Pest Journal (Pesti Hírlap), The Day (A Nap), The News (Az Újság), and later The Evening (Az Est). He sympathized with the Hungarian Soviet Republic, but did not play a role in it. He emigrated to Vienna, but returned to Hungary in 1923. He was an important pioneer of the Hungarian naturalistic novel. His works include The Schoolmistress (A tanítónő), play (1908); Lyon Lea, play, (1915); The Lover (A szerető) play (1917); The Students of Eger (Az egri diákok), novel (1854), and The Knight of the Day (A nap lovagja), novel (1902). A street in Budapest and a library in Eger bear his name. – B: 1160, 1068, 1257, T: 7456.→Jókai, Mór; Council (Soviet) Republic in Hungary.

Bromberg, J. Edward (a.k.a. Joe Bromberg) (Temesvár, Hungary, now Timişoara, Romania, 25 December 1903 - London, 6 December 1951) – Actor. His family moved to the USA in his infancy. From his boyhood he was determined to pursue an acting career, first working in odd jobs, like silk salesman, candy maker and laundry worker to finance his training. He studied with the Moscow Art Theater and made his first American stage appearance at the age of 23 at the Greenwich Village Playhouse. He worked extensively with the Theater Guild. With his play Men in White he won the Pulitzer Prize in 1934 and attracted Hollywood’s attention. In 1936, with his film Under Two Flags, he began his long association with 20th Century-Fox playing a vast array of foreign villains, blustering buffoons, and the occasional gentle philosopher. Short, dark and stocky, he played father figures, villains and ethnic types. The corpulent Bromberg conveyed a perpetual air of middle-aged tension, allowing him to play characters much older than himself. His other Hollywood films include Jesse James, The Return of Frank James, Phantom of the Opera, Cloak and Dagger, Son of Dracula, and Mark of Zorro. He gained critical acclaim on Broadway in 1948 in Clifford Odets’ The Big Knife. Elia Kazan described him as an immensely talented actor who could play a great variety of character parts. He refused to answer questions before the House Committee on Un-American Activities; but others testified that he was a member of the Communist Party. He refused to cooperate in the enquiry, was blacklisted from Hollywood, and he was forced to seek work in England in 1950, where he died. – B: 1081, T: 7456.

Bronze Age in the Carpathian Basin (1) Early Phase. From about 2000 BC, the appearance of migrating peoples formed a characteristic culture that persisted throughout the Bronze Age and became mixed with the indigenous Copper Age culture of Bodrogkeresztur. (2) Late Phase. By about 1000-800 BC the advantage of bronze over copper was increasingly exploited; trade in the scarce, but necessary tin was getting organized and led to the rapid diffusion of technological improvements and rapid change of tools, especially weapons. There are several sites of Late Bronze Age culture in the Carpathian Basin. The excavations at Füzesabony (18 km south of Eger) is the best known archeological site, represented by graves and settlements containing a hoard of urns, vessels of various sizes, swords, daggers, axes, ornamental needles, fibulas and sleeve protectors. Other well-known sites are Tószeg (south of Szolnok, near the Tisza River), Vatya puszta (part of Újhartyán, east of Budapest), both on the Great Hungarian Plain. Zagyvapálfalva (south of Salgótarján) is in the hills north of the Great Plain, while Ottomány (now Otomani, Romania) is in former County Bihar, Transylvania, in the eastern part of the Carpathian Basin. Excavations of the Megyaszó culture (20 km northeast of Miskolc on the northern edge of the Great Plain) show that the dead had been cremated, although at certain stages they had been buried. One of the graves shows a skeleton in a fetal position, lying on its side, arms held in front, legs pulled up. A large clay dish and smaller clay vessels containing provisions for the “journey” of the dead surround it. In the Carpathian Basin the migration of peoples started in the early phase of the Bronze Age (after 2000 BC), became mixed with the indigenous Middle Copper Age Bodrogkeresztúr Culture (3100-2700 BC), and gave life to a very characteristic culture persistently surviving there for centuries. B: 1138, 1068,1020, 1459, T: 7456.→Bodrogkeresztúr Culture.

Brózer, István (Stephen) (17th century) – Goldsmith from Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania). Prince Rákóczi György (George) I. also used his expertise. In 1840 he made the golden goblet for the Farkas Street Reformed Church in Kolozsvár. The technique used for making the goblet shows that translucid encrusted enameling was known and used in contemporary Transylvania (Erdély, now in Romania). – B: 0942, 0883, T: 7673.→Rákóczi I. Prince György.

Brunner, Erzsébet (Elizabeth) (Sass-Brunner) (Nagykanizsa, 1 July 1910 - Delhi, India, 2 May 2001) – Painter, moved and settled in India. Her parents, Ferenc (Francis) and Erzsébet Sass-Brunner (née Farkas) were both painters. The mother and daughter (who was 18 years old at the time) settled in India on the invitation of Rabindhranath Tagore at the Tagore University of Santiniketan in 1930. She joined the avant-garde trend of the School of Bengal. She is considered as one of the classics of the 20th century Indian painters. The young girl’s paintings were focused on portraits and Buddhist subjects, while her mother painted the fabulous Himalayan sceneries. Their first domestic exhibition was held in 1981. The mother’s grave is located at Nainital in the Himalayan foothills. The daughter, an excellent portrait painter, created portraits of several Indian politicians, who fought for India’s independence, such as Rabindranath Tagore, Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru. Gandhi’s portrait is considered to be one of her best works. She also painted landscapes, nature, and ancient Indian sculptures. Her works include Portrait of My Mother (Édesanyám portréja) (1930); The Birth of the Ganges (A Ganges születése) (1934); Shiva, God of the Himalaya (Shiva, a Himalaya istene) (1944), and Birth of Siddhartha (Siddharta születése) (1956). In 1981 the Indian Government bought more than twenty of her portraits, while more than sixty are in the Museum in Barada. She was a recipient of the Padmashri Prize. – B: 0883, 0932, T: 7653.→Sher-Gil, Amrita.

Brunszvik, Countess Teréz (Theresa) (Pozsony, now Bratislava, Slovakia, 27 July 1775 - Martonvásár, 17 September 1861) – A pioneer in the women’s rights movement. She got acquainted with Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, the Swiss pedagogue and educational reformer, who exercised great influence upon her. A Women’s Society of Pest and Buda was founded on her initiative. She established the first kindergarten in Buda under the name of Angels Garden (Angyalkert), on 1 June 1828. In the same year she started an industrial school for girls. In 1836 there were 14 kindergartens in the country. In the 1840s she worked for an institute for young ladies. She was one of the promoters of equal rights for women. Her family was in close contact with Ludwig van Beethoven, who sojourned at their Kismarton manor house. Her works include Call for Setting Up a School…(Felszólítás egy tanintézet felállítása iránt…) and Mein halbes Jahrhundert (My Half Century), memoirs. A College and a Kindergarten Computer Program bear her name. – B: 0883, 1031, T: 7103.

Bubik, István (Stephen) (Budapest, 19 May 1958 - Ceglédbercel, 28 November 2004) – Actor. He graduated from the Academy of Dramatic Art, Budapest (1981). He was a member of the following theaters, at Budapest: National Theater (Nemzeti Színház) (1981), Artists Theater (Művész Színház) (1993), Thália Theater (Thália Színház) (1995), Thália Society (Thália Társaság) (1996), László Kelemen Theater Circle (Kelemen László Színházi Kör) (1997) and the New Theater (Új Színház) (1998). Bubik appeared in most of the classical Hungarian as well as foreign plays, among them Ádám in Madách’s The Tragedy of Man (Az ember tragédiája); Mercutio in Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet (Rómeó és Júlia); title role in Richard II; title role in Molière’s Tartuffe; Armand Duvall in Dumas’ The Lady of the Camelias (Kaméliás hölgy); Antipov in Szikora-Pasternak’s Doctor Zhivago; Max the Knife (Bicska Maxi) in Brecht’s Beggar’s Opera (Koldusopera); Count Almaviva in Beaumarchais’ The Marriage of Figaro (Figaró házassága); Pozzo in Becket’s Waiting for Godot (Godotra várva), and title role in Kodály’s Háry János. He also appeared in several feature films and television productions. Bubik also played the drum in the Actors’ Orchestra, and was an avid sportsman (basketball, football and pentathlon). In 1985 he received the Mari Jászai Prize, the Rajz János Prize and the Farkas-Rajkó Prize. In the same year the National Theater Convention awarded him first prize as the best male actor. In 1989 he received the Society for Hungarian Arts Award. – B: 0871, T: 7684.

Bucharest Peace Treaty – When World War I broke out in 1914, Romania stayed neutral, only entering the war on 19 August 1916 under the leadership of Romanian Prime Minister Ion Bratianu. Already at an earlier stage the Allies promised support for the fulfillment of a Romanian “national unity”, which would include the regions of Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania (Erdély). The latter was part of Hungary for a thousand years, a part of historic Hungary, with considerable number of ethnic Hungarians, including Szeklers, as well as German Saxons. These two ethnic groups made up almost half of Transylvania’s population. The sudden offensive of Romanian forces did allow quick progress for them in Transylvania. However, the Romanian forces were repulsed by a Central Powers’ offensive, beginning in September 1916. By the end of the year all of Wallachia and much of Moldavia were occupied by German and Austrian forces, and Dobrudja by the Bulgarian forces; they even entered the Capital, Bucharest. Romania accepted defeat and this resulted in the Treaty of Bucharest on 7 May 1918 between Romania and the Central Powers, ratified by the Austrian Bundesrat, the German Reichstag, the Romanian Chamber and Senate; but after the armistice on 11 November 1918, Romanian forces again occupied Transylvania, and on 1 December 1918, by an ad hoc people’s assembly of Romanians at Gyulafehérvár (now Aiud, Romania), they unilaterally declared Transylvania (Erdély) as part of Romania. The Versailles-Trianon Peace-Dictate Treaty endorsed this on 4 June 1920. – B: 1212, 1020, T: 7103.→Bucharest, Secret Agreement of; Trianon Peace Treaty.

Bucharest, Secret Agreement of (17 August 1916) – For the first two years of World War I, Romania did not join any of the belligerent parties, but waited cautiously for the right opportunity. During these years the Central Powers were leading militarily on all fronts. The war was then being waged on Entente territory and the Allied Powers tried to win the confidence of the Romanians. The Russians promised them all of Transylvania (Erdély), as well as the Hungarian Great Plain (Nagy Alföld) as far as the River Tisza, if they would join forces. Although Romania’s king was not practicing pro-Russian politics, the victorious Bruszilov offensive helped him to decide. In a secret agreement concluded in Bucharest, the Allied Powers promised him Transylvania, the Bánság, and Voivodina, with a large portion of the Great Plain of Hungary, if Romania would enter the war on their side. Romania was to pay France the 20-year revenue of the three richest gold mines of Transylvanian. On 27 August 1916, they declared war on the Central Powers, and a half-million Romanian troops attacked the undefended borders of Transylvania and occupied its southern section. In the fall of 1916, the Central Forces drove the Romanians out and a German force, led by General Mackensen, occupied Bucharest on 6 December. This forced the Romanians to make a special peace treaty with the Central Powers on 7 May 1918. Although the Romanians broke article 5 of the Secret Agreement not to enter into any special agreement, as the result of the Versailles-Trianon Peace Treaty in 1920, they annexed the territories defined in the Bucharest Secret Agreement occupied illegally well before the Peace Treaty. – B: 1212, 1020, T: 7668.→Bucharest Peace Treaty.

Bucsay, Mihály (Michael) (Tarcal, 8 July 1912 - Budapest, 8 July 1988) – Minister of the Reformed Church, church historian. He came from a teacher’s family and was educated in Reformed orphaneges in Budaörs and Hajdúböszörmény. He studied Theology at the Reformed Theological Academy of Sárospatak and at the Universities of Debrecen, and Halle, Germany (1930-1934). He received a Ph.D. in Philosophy in 1935, and in Theology in 1944 in Debrecen. He taught Philosophy and Church History at the Reformed Theological Academy of Budapest from 1948, and was Professor of Church History from 1956 until his retirement in 1980. Shortly afterwards he became the Chief Director of the Ráday College, Budapest. He was also Minister of the German-speaking affiliated church in Budapest from 1946. He organized the Southeastern Research Station in Dresden, Germany in 1938, and edited the Central Danubian Protestant Library series. His books and articles appeared at home and abroad. In his works he treated philosophical and Hungarian Reformed Church history themes. His main works are: The Question of Reality Within Criticism and Beyond Criticism (A realitás kérdése a kriticizmuson belül és a kriticizmuson túl) (1935); The Crisis of Kantianism (A kantiánizmus válsága) (1942); Reformers’ Debates Over the Lord’s Supper (A reformátorok úrvacsora vitái) (1942); Gergely Belényesi, the Hungaian Pupil of Calvin (Belényesi Gergely, Kálvin magyar tanítványa) (1944); Gergely Szegedi, Reformer of Debrecen…(Szegedi Gergely, debreceni reformátor…) (1945); The History of the Reformed Church in Hungary (A Magyar Református Egyház története) (1949); joint author of The History of Protestantism in Hungary (Geschichte des Protestantismus in Ungarn) (1959), and Protestantism in Hungary 1521-1978, vols. i, ii (Der Protestantismus in Ungarn 1521-1978, I,II) (1977-1979), its abridged Hungarian edition appeared in 1985. He was one of the leading church historians of the Reformed Church in the second half of the 20th century. – B: 0879, 0911, T: 7456.


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