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AT BrazilSquo solves—USAID has partnered with Brazil to reforest USAID 8 (“International Deforestation and Climate Change: Statement for the record by US Assistant Administrator for Economic Growth, Agriculture and Trade” USAID Press Release, March 23 2008 http://www.illegal-logging.info/item_single.php?it_id=2657&it=news) MLR The long term goal of USAID's forestry program in Brazil is to significantly increase the area of the Brazilian Amazon under sustainable forest management, reconciling the desire for economic growth with the need for healthy, working forests. USAID's partners provide training in forest auditing procedures and forest management techniques and a major opportunity exists to support the newly established Brazilian Forest Service by expanding on the long-standing relationship between USAID, the Brazilian Ministry of Environment, and the USDA Forest Service. USAID has helped place an additional 1.4 million hectares of natural forest under sustainable management in the Brazilian Amazon. With technical assistance from USAID partners, Conservation International and Instituto Raoni, Brazil also achieved the largest area of certified tropical forest in the world: an area of 1.5 million hectares of Amazonian forest has been certified for sustainable extraction of Brazil nuts by Kayapo indigenous communities in southern Para State. To date, nearly three million hectares of forest are under management plans or are certified for sustainable extraction. Nearly 3,900 people were trained in sound forest management techniques in FY 2006 and nearly 10,000 more were taught best practices, including fire management and land use planning. Mr. Chairman, USAID is dedicated to applying our experience in the design of programs going forward. The long term success of USAID's development programs will depend upon how climate change is considered in planning and implementation. We will work with nations to adapt to the impacts of climate change, strengthen resilience, disseminate tools and methodologies to improve vulnerability and adaptation assessments, and integrate adaptation into development. By incorporating - mainstreaming - climate change into existing priority programs, development success becomes more robust when viewed in the long term.
It’s a triple win—reforestation mitigates climate change, solves biodiversity and spurs local economies Virgilio, et al. 10 – Forest Carbon Specialist, Forest Carbon Development Team – Marshall, Global Climate Change Team; Zerbock, Managing Director for The Nature Conservancy's Global Climate Change Team; Advisor, Climate Change Initiatives; Holmes, Wildlife Conservation Society (Nicole, Sarene, Olaf, and Christopher, “Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD): A Casebook of On-the-Ground Experience.”The Nature Conservancy, Conservation International and Wildlife Conservation Society. 2010. http://www.hedon.info/docs/REDD_Casebook-TNC-CI-WCS.pdf) MLR Advances in technology and practical implementation experience have created a growing body of research and evidence that reducing carbon emissions through forest conservation can be a credible part of the fight against climate change (IPCC, 2007c; FAO, 2005). Existing projects, spearheaded by organizations such as The Nature Conservancy (TNC), Conservation International (CI) and Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), have provided the basis for groundbreaking methodologies in estimating, preventing and mitigating leakage, setting project baselines, and verifying carbon benefits. These projects have not only resulted in climate change mitigation, but also valuable community and biodiversity benefits, creating a win-win-win situation. This report explores the primary challenges in demonstrating this credibility, including: Reforestation solves the economy, food scarcity, and warming --also in 2NC reforestation solvency USAID 8 (“International Deforestation and Climate Change: Statement for the record by US Assistant Administrator for Economic Growth, Agriculture and Trade” USAID Press Release, March 23 2008 http://www.illegal-logging.info/item_single.php?it_id=2657&it=news) MLR Activities in the forest sector address forests and climate change strategically. Our programs work to reduce CO2 emissions from deforestation, promoting sustainable forest management and forest conservation, and increase CO2 sequestration through reforestation. Activities seek the significant co-benefits of economic development and improved livelihoods that come from local economies that are diversified through productive integration of trees in agricultural lands, and sustainable use of existing forests. Reforestation is a way to accomplish economic development, increase food security, meet energy needs, provide environmental services like improved water supply, and reduce sources of conflict. Key to EconomyReforestation is key to the economy—provides a short-term stimulus and creates long-term jobs and industries Nair and Rutt 9 – Chief Economist and Consultant in the Forest Economics and Policy Division, Forestry Department, FAO, Rome (C.T.S. and Rebecca, “Creating forestry jobs to boost the economy and build a green future” nineteenth session of the FAO Committee on Forestry, 20 March 2009, http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/i1025e/i1025e02.htm) Rapidly escalating unemployment and its social and economic consequences are a major concern as countries grapple with the ongoing economic crisis. Sustainable forest management could become an integral component of employment generation efforts and offers some unique advantages in fulfilling a number of economic, social and environmental objectives. Targeted public investments could generate about 10 million new jobs in afforestation, reforestation, management of natural forests, establishment and management of urban and peri-urban green spaces, improvement of watersheds, protection of forests from fire and building roads, trails and recreation sites. Such investments could absorb unemployed or recently dismissed workers, increasing their income and consumption and contributing to arresting the downward economic spiral. Most of these jobs would be in rural areas, where they would help raise living standards. More importantly, such investments could help rebuild natural assets that have been severely depleted in the past. Unemployment and lack of income have been major factors contributing to deforestation and forest degradation in most countries. Employment in sustainable forest management thus has a double benefit: while it builds the natural asset base, it also reduces the deforestation and degradation that often occur when other income-earning opportunities are absent. Based on the current costs of sustainable forest management activities, 10 million jobs could help to establish, restore or improve about 8 to 10 million hectares of forests and woodlands, reversing deforestation and degradation. Such employment would also strengthen the management of protected areas, improve watersheds, create new urban and peri-urban green spaces and reduce the incidence of fire. The establishment of new forests and woodlands and improved management of existing forests would directly contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation. Both the reduction in deforestation and the establishment of new planted forests and farm woodlots would improve carbon sequestration and storage. Improved fuel management could reduce the incidence and severity of forest fires, further helping to reduce carbon emissions. Employment in forestry activities can provide a much-needed “quick-fix”. By rebuilding the natural resource base and enhancing the supply of goods and services, the initial investments will also pave the way for long-term employment. A number of countries have already included forestry as an important component of their current economic stimulus packages, with particular focus on job creation. Stepping up of such efforts by all countries could have positive economic, social and environmental impacts. New jobs will be tailored to the specific conditions in each country, to make the most of local resources and institutional capacities. Reforestation is a key job creator Nair and Rutt 9 – Chief Economist and Consultant in the Forest Economics and Policy Division, Forestry Department, FAO, Rome (C.T.S. and Rebecca, “Creating forestry jobs to boost the economy and build a green future” nineteenth session of the FAO Committee on Forestry, 20 March 2009, http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/i1025e/i1025e02.htm) Afforestation and reforestation, including reclamation of degraded or desertified lands, offer the greatest scope for job creation, particularly where rural unemployment or underemployment is high and vast tracts of degraded land are available. Land preparation, production of planting material and planting and maintenance, adapted to the specific local conditions, knowledge and skills, could be important sources of employment. Most countries have substantial experience in afforestation and reforestation and could scale up these activities. Annual plantation establishment (excluding assisted regeneration in semi-natural forests) is about 2.5 million hectares (FAO, 2006). Taking into account the availability of suitable land and the institutional capacity, the rate of establishment of productive and protective plantations could be doubled or tripled annually. Forestry is key to the economy—massive employment Nair and Rutt 9 – Chief Economist and Consultant in the Forest Economics and Policy Division, Forestry Department, FAO, Rome (C.T.S. and Rebecca, “Creating forestry jobs to boost the economy and build a green future” nineteenth session of the FAO Committee on Forestry, 20 March 2009, http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/i1025e/i1025e02.htm) Job creation remains the foremost concern for most countries as economies contract and joblessness increases. As the credit squeeze reduces fund availability, much of the focus will be on job creation in sectors with high labour–capital ratios. Forestry’s potential for employment generation stems from several factors: Low capital requirements. With the exception of some forest industries such as pulp and paper and panel products, forestry is labour intensive with relatively low capital investment. Labour and land are the key inputs in the production of wood and non-wood forest products, and environmental services and investments in upstream (primary) forestry activities are able to generate more jobs than most other sectors. An annual outlay of US$1 million in forest management (including agroforestry) could generate from 500 to 1 000 jobs in many developing countries, and 20 to 100 in most developed and middle-income countries. Multiplier effect. Since a major share of a worker’s income goes to the purchase of goods and services, mainly at the local level, every one job created in forestry generates an additional 1.5 to 2.5 jobs in the economy. Flexibility and adaptability in diverse situations. The variety of the tasks required and the levels of technology available offer various employment options. For example, planting could be undertaken as an extremely labour-intensive operation if there are no labour constraints, or it could be partially mechanized depending on the relative costs of labour and other inputs. There is a long history of job generation through public investments in forestry (see Box). Although the current situation differs from past economic downturns, a number of countries have included job creation in forestry as an integral part of their economic recovery plans – for example Canada, Chile, China (see article by Ma, Liu and Du in this issue), India (see article by Matta), the Republic of Korea and the United States (see article by Kimbell and Brown). Forestry is key to economic stabilization—jobs and natural capital Nair and Rutt 9 – Chief Economist and Consultant in the Forest Economics and Policy Division, Forestry Department, FAO, Rome (C.T.S. and Rebecca, “Creating forestry jobs to boost the economy and build a green future” nineteenth session of the FAO Committee on Forestry, 20 March 2009, http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/i1025e/i1025e02.htm) In the forest sector, the economic downturn presents particular challenges (FAO, 2009). The slump in the construction sector, especially in many developed countries (for example in the United States of America, where annual housing starts declined by about 80 percent between January 2006 and January 2009), led to a drastic reduction in demand for wood products. Production, trade and employment have been scaled down in response to the low demand. Since the construction sector is a major employer (including for migrant workers), its decline has contributed substantially to increased unemployment. Growing rural unemployment could increase pressure on forests and woodlands, leading to deforestation and degradation. Declining demand for wood and wood products could also reduce investments in sustainable forest management by governments, industries and smallholders, adversely affecting future wood supplies and environmental services. In response to the economic crisis, a number of governments have initiated economic stimulus packages to bail out financial institutions and to stimulate production and consumption. By early 2009, the total value of the various stimulus packages amounted to over US$3 trillion (Gallagher, 2009). Employment generation through public works is an important thrust of many of the stimulus packages. An increase in jobs is expected to enhance income, increase consumption and thus stimulate production and further employment, helping to break the downward spiral. The strategies of a number of countries emphasize movement towards a green future, with the aim of stimulating sectors that will create real assets, improve energy efficiency, increase the use of renewable resources and combat climate change. Forestry could have a positive role in the economic stabilization efforts, particularly through job creation and the rebuilding of the natural capital base. 2NC—Avoids PoliticsAvoids politics Kooten et al. 97 G. C. van Kooten: Department of Agricultural Economics and Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, A. Grainger: School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K., E. Ley: Resources for the Future, Washington DC, U.S.A. ,G. Marland: Oakridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, U.S.A., & B. Solberg: European Forest Institute, Joensuu, Finland. (1997): Conceptual issues related to carbon sequestration: Uncertainty and time, Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 27:S1, 65-82 Thus, countries can be loosely classified into those that will more than likely benefit from global climate change, those that will likely be net losers, and those who could be either net gainers or net losers—the uncertainty is simply too great to know either way. In addition, there is uncertainty about how countries will be affected, in the long term, by any global accord that they sign. As uncertainty about any of the risk categories identified above increases and countries are not sure into which of the loser-gainer categories they fall, the greater will be the ambiguity and vagueness of a global accord to which they will agree. Ambiguity and vagueness can be found in any of the elements of an accord, including targets, penalties, enforcement, and so on. It is understandable, therefore, that taking no action at all, or taking no action to significantly cut fossil fuel use, can become a political priority. This makes forest-based mitigation strategies seem attractive, because by offsetting emissions from fossil fuels they allow a country to cut its net carbon emissions while maintaining politically acceptable rates of fossil fuel use. Many governments would find it politically impossible to make heavy cuts in fossil fuel use because of the impact on national economic growth rates, and thereby on budgets. Policies that conserve existing forests or result in tree planting to increase the country's annual carbon sequestration rate enable a country to "buy time", while the magnitude of climate change becomes clearer and the search continues for technological solutions that have less drastic effects on the national economy. Implementing forest-sector policies also enables countries to be seen as doing something about a global problem, while not relinguishing freedom to pursue domestic policies, including ones that might increase CO2 emissions (e.g., regional subsidies to develop coal or oil deposits). Any additional cost of forest-based mitigation is offset by the huge opportunity costs of making too drastic a cut in fossil fuel use. Finally, while having climate benefits, protecting forest ecosystems, planting trees and investing in silviculture are politically attractive policies because they satisfy other objectives of governments, such as appeasing environmentalists and protecting forest sector jobs. Directory: files files -> Answer True False 2 points Question 2 files -> Integer programming and game theory files -> 4 Integer Programming files -> Bpa vehicle Window Repair Scenario #1 task: Procure vehicle window relacement. 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