Catalog of Invasive Plants
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HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Introduced to the Northeast by waterfowl or boats from the South. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Submersed freshwater perennial. Reproduces vegetatively.
CONTROL
Inspection of boats and equipment before leaving an infested body of water. Biological control includes grass carp. Raking, seining and herbicide. SPECIES NAME Cardamine impatiens L. COMMON NAME Narrowleaf bittercress FAMILY Brassicaceae NPS CODE CARIMP
Potentially invasive
Produces many viable seeds per plant that can form dense stands in rich wooded communities. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Grows well in edge, early successional forest, floodplain forest, herbaceous wetland, vacant lot, river or stream, roadside, and yard or garden habitats. Grows well in shade, can form dense areas and outcompete native species. HABITAT Shady woods GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Europe
Introduced to the U.S. from Europe before 1916. Appears in Connecticut and then in Acadia National Park in Maine in 1994.
Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, and New Jersey. NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS ACAD
REPRODUCTION FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION Fruits ripen from May to September and contain 10-24 seeds each. Seeds project from fruits; long distance dispersal mechanisms are unknown.
SPECIES NAME Carduus nutans L. COMMON NAME Nodding thistle FAMILY Asteraceae NPS CODE CARNUT
Potentially invasive
Can produce large numbers of individual plants. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Grows well in disturbed areas, unpalatable to livestock, acid soil tolerant, forms dense stands GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Europe and Asia HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Introduced to the eastern United States in the early 1800s NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Entire Northeast except Maine and Vermont NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Aggressive biennial herb, flowers in May and August. Reproduces from seed.
Seeds disperse one month after flowers form. One flower head produces about 1200 seeds, one plant about 120,000 seeds. Seeds are wind dispersed and are viable for about 10 years. CONTROL Hand pulling, biocontrol (two European weevils), and herbicide SPECIES NAME
Asiatic sand sedge FAMILY Cyperaceae NPS CODE CARKOB
Invasive
Forms dense stands by vegetative spread. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Grows on dunes, tolerant of salt spray and wind, spreads by underground stems. Forms low, dense mats and crowds out native plants. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Japan, Korea, Russia, China HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Introduced in 1929 to New Jersey from shipwrecked barrels containing porcelain from Asia. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Northeast south of and including Massachusetts NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Perennial sedge, spreads vegetatively by fragmenting rhizomes.
Hand pulling or digging, herbicide SPECIES NAME
Asiatic bittersweet FAMILY Celastraceae NPS CODE CELORB
Invasive
Mechanical damage from “strangling” and increased surface area. Dense growth shades out other species and produces many seedlings. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Thrives in disturbed areas. Will grow over anything in its path including native plants. Shades and girdles native plants. Often spread by humans because of its use in floral arrangements. Produces prolific amounts of fruit. HABITAT Invades disturbed and open areas such as roadsides, fence rows, abandoned fields and forest edges. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN East Asia, Japan, Korea, and China HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Introduced to the U.S. from China as an ornamental around 1860. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION All Northeastern states NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS ACAD, ALPO, BOHA, CACO, DEWA, GATE, MIMA, SAHI, WEFA REPRODUCTION Deciduous woody perennial vine. Reproduces from seed and also some vegetative spread by root suckering. FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION Fruits produced from July to October. Fruit splits at maturity and contains 3 to 6 seed-containing axils. Seeds are bird, water, and human dispersed. CONTROL Prevention through avoiding planting as an ornamental, herbicides and mowing. SPECIES NAME
Spotted knapweed FAMILY Asteraceae SYNONYMS Centaurea maculosa L. NPS CODE CENBIE
Invasive
Can form stands with many plants. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Prefers disturbed areas and edges; does well in dry, coarse, sandy soil. Aggressive, little grazing value for livestock. Increases soil erosion, decreases plant diversity and is a wildfire hazard. HABITAT Well-drained, light textured soils with summer rainfall. Rangelands, road ditches, field margins and other disturbed areas, prairies, oak and pine barrens. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Central Europe HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Introduced to the Pacific Northwest in 1893 from Asia Minor or from Germany with alfalfa seed. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Entire Northeast NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS ACAD, DEWA, MIMA, SARA REPRODUCTION Biennial or weak perennial, flowers June through October, reproduced by seed FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION Produces over 400 seeds per stalk. Mechanic dispersal, and dispersal by rodents, livestock, hay, commercial seed or on vehicles. CONTROL Herbicide, grazing, mowing, tilling, and several biocontrol insects. SPECIES NAME
Yam clematis FAMILY Ranunculaceae SYNONYMS Clematis dioscoreifolia Levl. & Vaniot NPS CODE CLETER
Potentially invasive
Dense growth shades out other species. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Grows rampantly and is hard to control. With overgrow anything in its path. Fleshy, deep root system, difficult to remove. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Japan
Introduced in 1864; escaped from cultivation.
Entire Northeast, except Maine NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Semi-evergreen or deciduous vine, flowers from late summer through fall. Reproduces from seed or cuttings.
Seeds contained in seed heads CONTROL SPECIES NAME Coronilla varia L. COMMON NAME Purple crown vetch FAMILY Fabaceae
Securigera varia (L.) Lassen NPS CODE CORVAR
Invasive
Can form dense, monotypic stands. Individual plants can give rise to more plants vegetatively and by seed. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Has creeping stems and rhizomes. Grows best in open areas but is also shade tolerant, outcompetes natives and has a dense mat growth habit. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Europe and North Africa HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Planted in the United States in areas prone to erosion. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Entire Northeast NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS DEWA
REPRODUCTION Herbaceous perennial forb, flowers in May through September. Reproduces by crown division, rooted stem cuttings and seeds. FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION Fruits inconspicuous CONTROL Prescribed burning and mowing over successive seasons, herbicide SPECIES NAME
Black swallow-wort FAMILY Asclepiadaceae SYNONYMS Cynanchum nigrum (L.) Pers., non Cav., Vincetoxicum nigrum (L.) Moench NPS CODE CYNLOU
Invasive
Forms dense stands of many individuals. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Thrives in almost any upland habitat. Grows rapidly and overgrows native vegetation. Wind dispersal allows dispersal over long distances. Can resprout vigorously from a cut shoot. HABITAT Woods, moist sunny places, grassy slopes and stream banks. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Europe
First New England record is from Cambridge in 1876.
Entire Northeast NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS MIMA, WEFA REPRODUCTION Perennial twining herb, flowers in May through July. Reproduces from seed and vegetative rhizomes. FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION Seeds released in August through October and dispersed by wind and occasionally water. CONTROL Digging up root crowns, manual removal of fruit and the use of herbicides are effective control methods. SPECIES NAME
European Swallow-wort FAMILY Asclepiadaceae SYNONYMS Cynanchum medium acut. Non R. Br., Vincetoxicum medium acut. Non (R. Br.) Dcne., Vincetoxicum rossicum (Kleopov) Barbarich NPS CODE CYNROS
Invasive
Forms dense stands of many individuals. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Can grow rapidly over native vegetation. Can dominate the edge of an open woodland. Wind-dispersed seeds can travel long distances; resprouts vigorously when cut. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Europe
Initial introduction unknown, the first record in New England is from New Haven, CT.
New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Jersey NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Herbaceous perennial vine, reproduces vegetatively with rhizomes and from seed.
Abundant seeds released in late summer into fall. Seeds dispersed by wind and occasionally water. CONTROL Pulling of root crowns, removal of fruits, and herbicides. SPECIES NAME Dactylis glomerata L. COMMON NAME Orchard grass FAMILY Poaceae
DACGLO
Potentially invasive in an anthropogenic landscape. THREAT Can disperse into and become established in minimally managed habitats. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Shade tolerant, tolerant of poor drainage, shallow, infertile and poorly drained soils. Withstands heavy grazing. Has a high seed set. HABITAT Roadsides, lawns, fields, ditch banks and open woodlands. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Eurasia, North Africa HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Introduced intentionally in 1760 from Europe as a hay and pasture grass. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Entire Northeast NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS ACAD, DEWA, MIMA REPRODUCTION Perennial bunchgrass, flowers in April through July. Forms seeds and tillers. FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION CONTROL Hand pulling young plants and herbicide. SPECIES NAME
Brazilian water-weed FAMILY Hydrocharitaceae SYNONYMS Elodea densa (Planch.) Caspary NPS CODE EGEDEN
Invasive
Dense growth can choke a water body. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Grows well in aquatic, river or stream and lake or pond habitats. Can form dense monotypic stands and crowd out native aquatics. Reproduces easily via plant fragments. Creates a poor habitat for fish. HABITAT Freshwater lakes and ponds GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION First offered for sale in the U.S. in 1915 as a popular aquarium plant. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION All of the Northeast except Maine and Rhode Island NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Submersed, aquatic, dioecious herb. Vegetative reproduction only.
Only the staminate form has been reported in the Northeast. Dispersed by water birds, attached to boats and from aquariums and water gardens. CONTROL Herbicide, drawing down of the water, shading of the invaded area with an opaque cover, and harvesting after the plant has completely invaded an area. N.B. Readily available in most aquarium stores as an “oxygenating plant.” SPECIES NAME Elaeagnus angustifolia L. COMMON NAME Russian olive FAMILY Elaeagnaceae NPS CODE ELAANG
Potentially invasive
Can produce many offspring. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Fast growth rate, salt tolerant, very tough and adaptable, fixes nitrogen, can grow in any soil. A serious problem in the Midwest where it has outcompeted the native plains cottonwood. In the Northeast, it only rarely escapes. Can form root shoots and suckers. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Southern Europe, Asia and through the Himalayas HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Introduced to the United States in the late 1800s. Escaped from cultivation in the west in the 1940s-1960s. Introduced the Northeast when planted along roadsides and in gardens. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Maine, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island. NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS ALPO
Deciduous shrub or small tree, flowers in June and July. Reproduces vegetatively and from seed.
Fruits mature in August to September and contain one large seed each. Seeds dispersed by birds and small mammals. CONTROL Mowing of seedlings and sprouts, cutting or girdling of stems, prescribed burning and herbicide application. SPECIES NAME
Autumn olive FAMILY Elaeagnaceae NPS CODE ELAUMB
Invasive
Produces prodigious amounts of bird-dispersed fruits that can give rise to dense, near monotypic stands; outcompetes native species and grows rapidly producing fruits within five years. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Fast growth rate, weedy appearance. Tolerant of drought, heat and wind. Thrives in low-fertility, acid, loamy and sandy soils. Nitrogen-fixes. Can produce up to 80 pounds of fruit per season. Resprouts abundantly if cut. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN China, Korea and Japan HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION First cultivated in the U.S. in 1830 from Japan. Used to revegetate disturbed habitats. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Entire Northeast NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS DEWA, MIMA, WEFA REPRODUCTION Deciduous shrub or small tree, flowers in May. Reproduces vegetatively and from seed. FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION Fruits ripen in September to October, and are dispersed by birds and small mammals. CONTROL Cutting the plant and painting the stem with herbicide, or hand pulling young seedlings. SPECIES NAME
Winged euonymus FAMILY Celastraceae NPS CODE EUOALA
Invasive
High seedling production gives rise to dense stands. Grows well and produces fruits in closed-canopy forests. Often found along trails and woodland openings. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Tolerant of many conditions and soil types, pH adaptable, has no serious pest problems. Grows well in open or disturbed areas as well as an understory plant in forests. Can form dense thickets and crowd and shade out native plants. Produces abundant seeds. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Northeastern Asia, Japan, central China HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Introduced as an ornamental shrub around 1860. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Entire Northeast NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS MIMA, WEFA REPRODUCTION Deciduous shrub, flowers in late April to June. Cultivar “Compactus” reproduced from cuttings – its seeds produce typically winged individuals. FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION Fruits ripen from September to October and contain up to four seeds each. Seeds are usually bird dispersed or fall below the plant. CONTROL Foliar herbicide or herbicide pained onto cut stem. SPECIES NAME
Winter creeper, Climbing euonymus FAMILY Celastraceae NPS CODE EUOFOR
Potentially invasive
Can form dense thicket or climb existing trees. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Fast growth rate, easy to propagate, tolerant of most conditions except wet sites, pH adaptable, shade tolerant. Can form dense groundcover, outcompetes native vegetation by depleting soil moisture and nutrients and by blocking sunlight. Forms dense vegetative mats. Is rarely seen far from cultivation. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN China
Introduced in 1907 as an ornamental groundcover. There are many cultivars of this species.
New York, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland and Virginia NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Evergreen clinging vine, flowers from June to July. Reproduces vegetatively. Bird, wildlife and water dispersed. Seedlings appear to be uncommon.
Fruits ripen in October and persist. CONTROL Grubbing, hand pulling, herbicide and herbicide applied to cut stems. SPECIES NAME
Leafy spurge FAMILY Euphorbiaceae NPS CODE EUPESU
Potentially invasive
Forms dense, near monotypic stands. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Displaces natives by shading, usurping water and nutrients, and has a toxin that prevents plants from growing underneath. Aggressive, tolerant of many soil conditions. Grows well in disturbed sites. High seed germination rate and long seed bank time. Emerges early in the season. HABITAT Open habitats, waste areas, pastures, roadsides and cultivated fields. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Europe and Asia HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Introduced in the early 1800s most likely from a seed impurity. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Entire Northeast NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS MIMA
REPRODUCTION Perennial herb, flowers mid June. Reproduces vegetatively and from seed. Mechanical explosive seed dispersal as well as by water and wildlife. FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION About 200 seeds per stalk. Seeds disperse in July. CONTROL Biocontrol including insects and sheep, herbicides with mowing. SPECIES NAME
Tall fescue FAMILY Poaceae
Lolium pratense (Huds.) S.J. Darbyshire, Festuca pratensis Huds. NPS CODE FESELA
Potentially invasive in anthropogenic landscapes.
Individuals can disperse into minimally managed habitats. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Tolerant of wide moisture, temperature and pH ranges. Can grow in calcareous and sandy soils. Crowds out native plants. HABITAT Pastures, roadsides, valleys, moist to dry sites along roadsides and waterways in meadows, fallow fields and other disturbed sites. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Northern Europe and east to central Asia, south to Caucasus and to Asia Minor. HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Introduced from England to the United States for pasture and hay. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Entire Northeast NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Perennial bunchgrass, flowers from May to July.
Dispersed by horse and cattle manure, and intentionally by humans. CONTROL Prescribed burning and herbicide SPECIES NAME
Hair fescue FAMILY Poaceae
Leptochloa panicea spp. Brachiata (Steudl.) N. Snow, Festuca capillata Lam. NPS CODE FESFIL
Potentially invasive
Individuals can disperse into and become established in minimally managed habitats. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Grows well in sand and in well-drained soils. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Entire Northeast NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION CONTROL SPECIES NAME Frangula alnus P. Mill COMMON NAME Glossy buckthorn FAMILY Rhamnaceae SYNONYMS Rhamnus frangula L. NPS CODE FRAALN
Invasive
Produces high numbers of seeds, forming dense, near monotypic stands. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Can form dense stands in wetlands that shade and prevent growth of other species. Withstands nutrient poor soils. Readily dispersed by birds and able to be dispersed through the summer and fall. Host to crown rust fungi (infects oats). Flowers in spring and has produced some ripe fruits by mid-summer. Some ripe fruits usually available until frost. HABITAT Wetlands, disturbed areas such as forest edges, fence rows, abandoned fields, roadsides, and in thickets, rocky sites, riparian woods and prairies. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Europe, North Africa and Central Asia HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Introduced to the United States before 1800, began to invade in early 1900s. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Maine south to Pennsylvania and New Jersey NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS ACAD, MABI, MIMA REPRODUCTION Deciduous small tree, flowers in May to September. Flowers in May and June FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION Fruits mature in July to August. Seeds each contain three to four seeds and are dispersed by birds, waterfowl and some small mammals. CONTROL Hand pulling, mowing or burning for several consecutive years, girdling, underplanting, excavating and applying herbicides on leaves or cut stems. SPECIES NAME
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