Catalog of Invasive Plants
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National Park Service Northeastern Region Catalog of Invasive PlantsInvasive Plant Identification Workshop 6-7 August 2002 Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area Bushkill Visitor Information Center Wayne Millington, NPS Project CoordinatorLeslie J. Mehrhoff Katie R. Boiteau Stacey A. Leicht Purpose The purpose of this project is to identify those plants considered invasive by the National Park Service in the following nine Northeastern states: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. This list includes species that are not usually found on most invasive species lists. They are included here because of their potential to invade minimally managed areas within the parks. These species are designated as anthropogenic in the following tables. This list was compiled from existing federal, state and regional lists of invasive species and noxious weeds from the Northeastern United States. Three tables are included, each containing the same 107 species. These tables are arranged by common name and growth form, scientific name and growth form and scientific name and invasiveness. In most cases, species names were taken from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) (www.itis.usda.gov). However, there are a few exceptions where, for ease of utility, old names were maintained under species name and currently accepted names were listed under synonyms. This catalog is a work in progress. If you feel that a species not acknowledged here should be added or have additional information, please let us know. Please contact: Leslie J. Mehrhoff Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut Box U-43 75 North Eagleville Road Storrs, CT 06269-3043 (860) 486-5708 FAX (860) 486-6364 vasculum@uconnvm.uconn.edu or Katie Boiteau krboiteau@hotmail.com SPECIES NAME Acer platanoides L. COMMON NAMENorway maple FAMILY Aceraceae NPS CODE ACEPLA
Invasive
Has dense foliage that lasts longer than most native species. Prohibits light from reaching woodland floor, and produces many seedlings. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Grows rapidly when young. Well adapted to extreme soils. Creates very dense shade and seeds freely, causing many weed seedling trees. Very dense foliage. Will withstand sand, clay, acidic to calcareous soils, can withstand hot, dry conditions, tolerates polluted atmosphere. Seedlings are shade tolerant and thrive in hedge rows and roadside thickets. Seeds are much heavier than sugar maple seeds, giving them larger reserves for germination. Mature Acer platanoides facilitate the growth of their seedlings underneath their canopy. Possibly secrete an allelopathic chemical from their roots. HABITAT Common street and ornamental tree, found in woodlots and urban-fringe forests. Spreads to successional forests. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Eurasia
Introduced to the United States in 1756; later escaped from cultivation.
Entire Northeast NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS ACAD, DEWA, GATE REPRODUCTION Deciduous tree, flowers in April. Insect pollinated. Vigorous reproduction from seed. FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION Fruits mature in September to October. Seeds are wind dispersed. CONTROL Girdling or herbicide application to cut stems. SPECIES NAME
Sycamore maple FAMILY Aceraceae NPS CODE ACEPSE
Potentially invasive
Seeds germinate easily producing many individuals, especially in sandy soils near the coast. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Easily established and very adaptable. Tolerant of salt, high pH, calcareous soil and exposed areas. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Europe and Asia HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Introduced to the United States as an ornamental. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Maine, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Deciduous tree, flowers in May. Reproduces from seed.
Fruits mature in August or September CONTROL SPECIES NAME Acer palmatum Thunb. COMMON NAME Japanese maple FAMILY Aceraceae NPS CODE ACEPAL
Potentially invasive
Produces many seedlings in some areas. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Spreads rapidly by seed. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Japan, China, Korea HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Introduced from Japan to England in 1840, then to the U.S. in 1862 by Dr. George Hall to a nursery in Flushing, N.Y. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION New York and Pennsylvania NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Deciduous tree, flowers in May and June. Reproduces from seed.
Fruits ripen in September to October. CONTROL SPECIES NAME Aegopodium podagraria L. COMMON NAME Goutweed
Apiaceae
AEGPOD
Potentially invasive
Spreads easily by fragmenting rhizomes and seeds. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Grows well in flood plan forests, waste places and roadsides. Weedy and difficult to control. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Eurasia
Cultivated in gardens and often escaped in New England.
Entire Northeast NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS DEWA, WEFA REPRODUCTION Herbaceous perennial, flowers in June. Reproduces vegetatively by rhizomes and from seed. FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION Fruits mature in July. CONTROL SPECIES NAME Ailanthus altissima (P. Mill.) Swingle COMMON NAME Tree of Heaven FAMILY Simaroubaceae SYNONYMS Ailanthus glandulosa Desf. NPS CODE AILALT
Invasive
Produces many seedlings. Also spreads vegetatively. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Rapid growth, does well in poor soil and with atmospheric pollution. Tolerant of salt, poor soil, heat and drought. Can sucker and produce stump sprouts, and produces large quantities of seeds. Fruits persist through winter. HABITAT Woodlots, along railways and highways and other disturbed areas. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN China
Introduced to the U.S. in Pennsylvania by a gardener. By 1840, was being sold from nurseries, and has since been uses extensively for plantings in cities.
Found in all Northeastern states NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS MIMA, GATE, ROVA, SAHI, DEWA REPRODUCTION Deciduous tree, flowers in late spring. Reproduces from seed. FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION Fruits appear in September to October. Seeds are wind and water dispersed. CONTROL Hand-pulling, especially by the Bradley Method, cutting, digging, girdling, prescribed burning, herbicide and grazing until seedbank is eliminated. SPECIES NAME
Fiveleaf akebia, Chocolate vine FAMILY Lardizabalaceae NPS CODE AKEQUI
Potentially invasive
Rampant grower with long stems than run over the ground or climb. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Can grow upright along a structure or along the ground as a groundcover. Tolerant of many soil types, easily grown. Able to grow rampantly. Appears to produces fruits infrequently. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN China, Korea, Japan HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Introduced to the United States in 1845. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Entire Northeast except Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont. NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Twining woody vine, flowers in late March to early April. Reproduces vegetatively.
Fruits ripen in September to October, each hold numerous seeds. Dispersal mechanisms are unknown, but probably by animals. CONTROL Cutting, digging, and herbicides. SPECIES NAME
Silk tree, Mimosa FAMILY Fabaceae
ALBJUL
Potentially invasive THREAT Produces many seedlings. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Will withstand drought, high pH, soil salinity, and excessive wind. Produce large seed crops, can resprout when damaged. Strongly competitive to native tress and shrubs in open areas or edges. Can form dense stands. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Iran to central China. HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Introduced to the United States in 1745. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia. Cultivated in Massachusetts and Connecticut. NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Deciduous tree, flowers in late April through early July. Reproduces from seed or by root cuttings.
Fruits ripen in August to October and persist through the winter often into the spring. Seeds dispersed around parent plant and by water. CONTROL Cutting at ground level, herbicides, girdling, hand pulling of young seedlings SPECIES NAME
Garlic mustard FAMILY Brassicaceae SYNONYMS Alliaria alliaria (L.) Britt., Alliaria officinalis Andrz. ex Bieb. NPS CODE ALLPET
Invasive
Produces large numbers of individuals that can form dense monotypic stands even in closed canopy forests. Persists in seed banks. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Shade tolerant and can dominate a forest understory. Tolerates a wide variety of soils and moisture levels. Dense stands Deprive native herbaceous species of light, moisture and space. High seed production and strong seed dormancy HABITAT Common in forest edges, roadsides, stream banks, and gardens in shaded and semi-shaded habitats. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Europe
First collected in Long Island in 1868. Likely brought to the United States as a food crop and for medicinal purposes.
Entire Northeast NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS ACAD, ALPO, DEWA, ROVA REPRODUCTION Biennial herb, flowers in the spring. Reproduces from seed. FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION Fruits produced by May, with 10-20 seeds per pod by early summer. Seeds are mechanically dispersed, and dispersed by humans and animals. CONTROL Prevention of initial establishment, cutting the flowering stems at ground level annually, and biocontrol. SPECIES NAME
European black alder FAMILY Betulaceae SYNONYMS Alnus alnus (L.) Britt., Betula glutinosa L. NPS CODE ALNGLU
Potentially invasive
Can form dense stands of many individuals. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Fast growth rate in youth, tolerant of acid or slightly alkaline soils, tolerant of frost, poor soil and waterlogging. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Europe and western Asia HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Cultivated as an ornamental, and planted to control erosion and improve the soil on recently cleared or unstable substrates. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Deciduous tree. Reproduces from seeds and spreads vegetatively.
Fruits mature in October and November CONTROL Girdling or cutting stems and applying herbicide SPECIES NAME
Porcelain berry FAMILY Vitaceae
AMPBRE
Invasive
Vines grow rampantly up into the tree canopy or over other vegetation.
Can grow over and smother native vegetation. Rapid growth, with a high germination rate. HABITAT Woodland edges, riparian areas, and open fields, especially areas with repeated disturbance. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Japan, China, Korea, and the Russian Far East HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Introduced into cultivation in the U.S. for use as a bedding and screening plant. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS MIMA
Deciduous, perennial vine, flowers in summer. Reproduces from seed and cuttings.
Fruits ripen in September and contain 2-4 seeds each. Seeds are bird and water dispersed. CONTROL Hand pulling or pruning before fruiting and cutting aboveground vines. Herbicides can be applied to leaves or to basal bark. SPECIES NAME
Wild chervil FAMILY Apiaceae
ANTSYL
Potentially invasive THREAT Produces many seeds that can form dense stands of many individuals. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Self-seeds, has long taproot, grows well in woodlands, forest, edges, waste places and roadsides. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Europe
NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Entire Northeast NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Biennial or short-lived perennial forb, flowers in May through July. Pollinated by bees.
Seeds are mature from June through July. CONTROL SPECIES NAME Artemisia stelleriana Bess. COMMON NAME Dusty miller FAMILY Asteraceae NPS CODE ARTSTE
Potentially invasive
Vegetative growth can produce large stands in sandy soil along coastal dunes and beaches. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Fast growth rate including rhizomes; can tolerate poor soils including sand and rocks HABITAT Sandy beaches, coastal sand dunes. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Asia
Introduced to the United States as garden material and escaped from cultivation.
Entire Northeast NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Perennial, flowers in summer. Spreads vegetatively by segments rooting in soil.
CONTROL
SPECIES NAME Artemisia vulgaris L. COMMON NAME Mugwort
Asteraceae
ARTVUL
Potentially invasive
Can form dense stands by vegetative growth. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Able to grow in a wide variety of soils, prolific seeder and seeds may persist in the soil for many years. Rapid colonizer, crowds out existing vegetation. HABITAT Fields, roadsides, disturbed urban areas, river banks and waste places. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Europe and Asia HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Entire Northeast NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS ACAD, DEWA REPRODUCTION Perennial herb, flowers in late summer and early fall. Reproduces from seed and vegetatively by rhizomes. FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION Viable seeds rarely produced? Seeds dispersed by wind and humans. CONTROL Herbicide SPECIES NAME
Hairy joint-grass FAMILY Poaceae
Phalaris hispida Thunb. NPS CODE ARTHIS
Potentially invasive
Produces dense monotypic stands annually. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Can survive and germinate after extended flooding. Forms monotypic stands and crowds out native herbaceous vegetation. Able to grow in shade. Rapidly spreads along stream and pond shores and through ditches and wet areas. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Asia
May have been introduced with packing material at the Philadelphia Exposition in 1876. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION South of and including Connecticut.
REPRODUCTION Annual grass. Reproduces from seed. FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION Produces abundant seed.
Hand pulling or mowing before seed production for seven years, herbicide SPECIES NAME
Giant reed FAMILY Poaceae
Arundo versicolor P. Mill. NPS CODE ARUDON
Potentially invasive
Forms dense stands by vegetative growth. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Salinity tolerant, creates sand dunes, tolerant of all soils. Rootstocks form compact masses, has deeply penetrating fibrous roots. Chokes riversides and stream channels. Crowds out native plants, interferes with flood control. Increases fire potential, decreases wildlife habitat, and can outcompete native vegetation. Rapid growth rate. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Mediterranean HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Introduced intentionally to Los Angeles, CA in the early 1800s as an ornamental and for erosion control. Used for making pipe organs, baskets, fishing rods, medicines, and in fodder. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION West Virginia and Virginia NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Perennial grass, flowers in August and September. Fragments root after floating downstream. Stem fragments can take root. Vegetative and rhizome reproduction. Wind and water dispersed.
Little known CONTROL Herbicide, prescribed burning SPECIES NAME
Japanese barberry FAMILY Berberidaceae NPS CODE BERTHU
Invasive
Dense, near monotypic, stands exclude other species and many change the soil chemistry. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Form dense, continuous stands. Exceptionally tolerant and adaptable, withstands drought and heat, invades undisturbed as well as disturbed areas. Hybridizes with Berberis vulgaris to form B. X ottawensis. HABITAT Roadsides, trails, open fields, gardens and forest edges. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Japan
Introduced to the United States as an ornamental in 1875 as seeds sent from Russia to the Arnold Arboretum in Boston. Planted in the New York Botanic Garden in 1896. Later planted as a substitute for the black stem grain rust infested Berberis vulgaris in seaside gardens. Recognized as a garden escape before 1910.
All of Northeast except the Adirondaks, northern Maine and northern Vermont. NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS ACAD, ALPO, DEWA, MABI, MORR, ROVA, WEFA REPRODUCTION Deciduous shrub, flowers from April to May. Reproduces by cuttings and from seed. Reproduces when branches come in contact with the soil. FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION Numerous berries mature from July to October and persist on the stems until spring. Dispersed by turkey, grouse and small mammals. CONTROL Pulling by hand, mowing or cutting and herbicide. SPECIES NAME
Barberry
Berberidaceae
BERVUL
Potentially invasive
Forms dense thickets, produces abundant seeds, able to grow in shaded habitats. Hybridizes with Berberis thunbergii to create B. X ottawensis. HABITAT Pastures, open woodlands and waste places. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Europe
Introduced to the United States in the 17th century, it was planted by settlers for its fruits. Once quite common in the Northeast.
All of Northeast NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS ACAD
REPRODUCTION Deciduous shrub, flowers May to June. Reproduces by seed and vegetatively, and new plants can be produced when branches come in contact with the soil. FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION Fruits from May to June. Fruits contain 1-3 seeds each. Seeds are dispersed by birds and small mammals. CONTROL Pulling by hand, mowing, cutting and herbicide. Many individuals were eradicated by the CCC in the 1920s; in some places many can still be found. SPECIES NAME
Flowering rush FAMILY Butomaceae NPS CODE BUTUMB
Potentially invasive
Can invade shore communities with lots of individuals. May form dense monotypic stands under some conditions. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Grows well in floodplain forests, aquatic, rivers or streams, lake or pond margins. Now used in water garden habitats. Can displace native riparian vegetation, and has a wide hardiness zone. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN East Asia HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION First observed in 1897 in Quebec. In 1929 collected in two Vermont counties. By 1950, well established along St. Lawrence River. First collected in Connecticut in 1943. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Maine, Vermont, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Aquatic plant. Reproduces by seed or vegetatively.
Fruits split at maturity releasing seeds. Seeds are water dispersed. CONTROL Cutting below the water surface and hand digging SPECIES NAME
Fanwort
Cabombaceae
CABCAR
Invasive
Forms dense monotypic stands that prohibit sunlight penetration. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Grows well in aquatic, river or stream, lake or pond and water garden habitats. Can form extremely dense stands and clog drainage systems. Able to root from vegetative parts. HABITAT Ponds, lakes ditches and quiet streams. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Southern United States Download 461.49 Kb. Share with your friends:
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