Catalog of Invasive Plants
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English ivy FAMILY Araliaceae NPS CODE HEDHEL
Potentially invasive
Can produce dense, monotypic stands that outcompete other vegetation. Can also climb. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Soil adaptable, pH tolerant, somewhat salt tolerant. Dense mat growth habit. Dominates understory, blankets and kills all other vegetation. Fruiting branches are uncommon. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Europe, western Asia and north Africa HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Introduced in Colonial times from Europe as an ornamental landscape plant. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Entire Northeast except for Maine, Vermont and New Hampshire. May not exist away from sites of intentional human introduction in northern New England. NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Woody evergreen climber with perennial stems. Reproduces from stem cuttings and will root where the vine touches the ground. Flowers in the fall.
Produce fruits in Spring following flowering; each contains 2 to 5 seeds. Fruits often persist through the winter. CONTROL Herbicide, persistent cutting and hand-pulling. SPECIES NAME
Orange daylily FAMILY Liliacaeae NPS CODE HEMFUL
Potentially invasive in an anthropogenic landscape.
Spreads vegetatively forming dense, monotypic stands. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Drought resistant, tolerant of a wide range of soil conditions. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN East Asia HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Escaped from cultivation in the United States. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Entire Northeast NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS DEWA
REPRODUCTION Perennial forb, flowers June through August. Reproduces vegetatively by spreading rhizomes FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION Sterile triploid CONTROL SPECIES NAME Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier & Levier COMMON NAME Giant hogweed FAMILY Apiaceae
HERMAN
Potentially invasive, on the federal noxious weed list. THREAT Produces copious amounts of seed that can give rise to numerous offspring. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Can outcompete native species for habitat and causes increased soil erosion. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Caucasus Mountains and southwest Asia. HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Introduced as a garden plant to the United States in 1917. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Maine, Vermont, Connecticut, New York and Pennsylvania NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS ACAD
REPRODUCTION Herbaceous biennial or monocarpic perennial flowers from June to July. Seeds dispersed by water or planting by humans as garden ornamentals. FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION Abundant seed CONTROL Herbicides, hand digging, and possibly biocontrol by cattle and pigs N.B. Has poisonous sap that causes blistering and burns to the skin when exposed to sunlight. SPECIES NAME Hesperis matronalis L. COMMON NAME Dame’s rocket FAMILY Brassicaceae NPS CODE HESMAT
Invasive
Produces many seeds and can form dense stands. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Grows well in riparian habitats, rich woodlands and roadsides. Often planted in gardens and along roads. Often thought of as a native wildflower. Crowds out native vegetation and produces a great number of seeds and has a long reproductive season. Dense stands produces great variety of flower colors. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Europe
Introduced to the United States in 1600(?) for garden and medicinal use.
Entire Northeast NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS DEWA
REPRODUCTION Herbaceous biennial or perennial, flowers from May to July. Reproduces vegetatively and from seed. FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION Seeds dispersed mechanically, sometimes planted as part of a “native” wildflower mix. CONTROL Cutting flower heads after they bloom, hand pulling, and herbicide. SPECIES NAME
Japanese hops FAMILY Cannabaceae SYNONYMS Humulus scandens auct. non (Lour.) Merr. NPS CODE HUMJAP
Invasive
Drought tolerant, rapid growth rate. Often seen in dense thickets along river shores and in calcareous wetlands. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Eastern Europe HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Entire Northeast
REPRODUCTION Annual vine, flowers in midsummer through fall
SPECIES NAME Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle COMMON NAME Hydrilla
Hydrocharitaceae
HYDVER
Invasive
Dense rapid growth can choke water bodies. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Grows in still and running water. pH and salinity tolerant, and tolerant of both oligotrophic and eutrophic lakes. Forms dense, monotypic mats that shade and choke out native vegetation. Shade tolerant. Raises pH of water, decreases oxygen and raises water temperature. Causes water to stagnate. HABITAT Rivers, lakes and ponds. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Uganda and Tanzania HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Introduced to the United States in the 1950s in Florida for use as an aquarium plant. First recorded outside of cultivation in 1960. The first New England record is from Connecticut in 1989. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Massachusetts, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware and Maryland. NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Submerged, aquatic perennial herb in both monoeceous and dioecious form. Can reproduce vegetatively, by seed, and by stem turion. Dispersed by waterfowl and boats.
Lake drawdowns, mechanical harvesters, biocontrol fish and insects and herbicides. Boaters should clean their boats and trailers before leaving boat ramps. N.B. Closely resembles native Elodea species. SPECIES NAME Hypericum prolificum L. COMMON NAME Shrubby St. Johnswort FAMILY Clusiaceae SYNONYMS Hypericum spathulatum (Spach) Steud. NPS CODE HYPPRO
Potentially invasive
Can produce numerous individuals. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Does well in dry, rocky soils, calcareous soils, pH adaptable GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN New Jersey to Iowa HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Introduced around 1750. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Entire Northeast NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS ACAD
Deciduous perennial shrub, flowers in July through September. Reproduces by cuttings or seed.
Fruits ripen in September and persist all winter. CONTROL SPECIES NAME Impatiens glandulifera Royle COMMON NAME Himalayan jewelweed FAMILY Balsaminaceae SYNONYMS Impatiens roylei Walp. NPS CODE IMPGLA
Potentially invasive
Can produce a large number of individuals in dense stands. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Grows well in a wide range of soil types, partially shade tolerant. Has a fast growth rate. Seeds are abundant (2500 seeds per plant), viable for 18 months after production and are dispersed explosively. Competes for pollinators from natives and produces abundant nectar. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Himalayas, India HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Probably as an ornamental NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Maine, Vermont, New York, Massachusetts NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Herbaceous annual forb, flowers June through October, reproduces by seed. Dispersal is mechanical or by water.
Up to 800 seeds per capsule. CONTROL Herbicide, grazing and hand-pulling SPECIES NAME Iris pseudacorus L. COMMON NAME Yellow iris FAMILY Iridaceae NPS CODE IRIPSE
Potentially invasive
Large numbers of individuals can form dense stands. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Grows well in freshwater wetlands, tolerant of high acidity and salinity. Forms large clonal populations that displace native species. Rhizomes survive drought and seeds survive burns. Poisonous to grazing animals and can cause skin irritation to humans. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Europe, Caucasus Mountains, western Asia and north Africa HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Introduced to the United States as a garden planting in the mid 1800s. Used for erosion control and in sewage treatment plants. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Entire Northeast NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Herbaceous perennial, flowers from April to June. Seeds are water dispersed. Plants also distributed via rhizomes planted by gardeners. Seeds and rhizomes can disperse downstream.
Fruits contain approximately 120 seeds each. CONTROL Mechanical harvesters and herbicides. SPECIES NAME
Tall pepperwort FAMILY Brassicaceae SYNONYMS Cardaria latifolia (L.) Spach NPS CODE LEPLAT
Potentially invasive
Large numbers of individuals form dense, nearly monotypic stands. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Deep-seated rootstocks, forms dense monospecific stands, displaces native plants and animals. Has salt pumping capabilities and is adaptable to a wide range of habitats. Salt tolerance allows the species to grow along the roadside and along the upper edges of salt marshes. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Southern Europe and western Asia HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION In cultivation by the Harvard Botanic Garden around 1879. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Coastal Northeast NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Herbaceous perennial forb, flowers in early summer to fall.
Fruits mature in late spring through summer. Each fruit contains two seeds. A one-acre infestation can produce over six billion seeds per acre. Dispersed by water, the movement of contaminated soil, via machinery and tires, and by livestock and waterfowl. CONTROL Continual flooding, herbicide, and hand-pulling SPECIES NAME
Chinese lespedeza FAMILY Fabaceae
Lespedeza sericea Miq. NPS CODE LESCUN
Invasive
Plants produce large numbers of seeds. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Drought tolerant, tolerant of acidic and shallow soil. Crowds out native plants and develops and extensive seed bank. Seeds viable for over 20 years. High in tannin and unpalatable to wildlife and livestock. Can grow in sterile soil. Used in highway “seed mixes” because of its nitrogen-fixing ability. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Japan
Introduced to the southern United States from China for erosion control and soil improvement. Hay facilitated spread to the Northeast.
New Jersey, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS DEWA
REPRODUCTION Perennial herb, flowers mid June to early October FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION Reproduces by seed. Seeds dispersed by animals, haying of infested fields and possibly by “hydroseeding” along highways. CONTROL Mowing yearly and herbicide SPECIES NAME
Korean clover FAMILY Fabaceae
Kummerowia stipulacea (Maxim.) Makino NPS CODE LESSTI
Potentially invasive
Produces many seeds which give rise to many new plants. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Drought resistant, can grow in poor soil, fixes nitrogen, reseeds itself. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Japan, Korea, China HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Introduced to the United States in 1919. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION New York, Pennsylvania, Jew Jersey, Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Annual legume, flowers in June through September
SPECIES NAME Ligustrum obtusifolium Sieb. & Zucc. COMMON NAME Border privet FAMILY Oleaceae
LIGOBT
Invasive
Produces copious amounts of seed and can form dense stands.
Extremely adaptable, dense, spreads rapidly GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Japan
Introduced to the United States in 1860.
Entire Northeast except Maine and Vermont NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS DEWA
REPRODUCTION Semi-evergreen to deciduous shrub, flowers in late May to early June. Reproduces by seed or rhizome. FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION Fruits ripen in September and persist until spring. Seeds are bird dispersed and occasionally dispersed by water. CONTROL Mowing, cutting and herbicide SPECIES NAME
California privet FAMILY Oleaceae
LIGOVA
Potentially invasive THREAT Can produce dense stands and many offspring. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Forms dense thickets, rapid growth rate, shade tolerant, produced abundant seedlings. Sprouts from roots and stumps. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Japan
Introduced as an ornamental
Massachusetts, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland and Virginia NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Evergreen to semi-evergreen shrub, flowers in July. Reproduces by seeds or roots.
Fruits mature in late summer and fall. CONTROL Herbicide, mowing, cutting SPECIES NAME
Sweet breath of spring FAMILY Caprifoliaceae SYNONYMS Sylosteon fragrantissimum (Lindl. & Paxton) Small NPS CODE LONFRA
Potentially invasive
Can produce many offspring and form dense thickets. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Fast growth rate, easy to grow, adapted to many soils and pH levels, has tremendous shade tolerance GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN China
Introduced to the United States in 1845.
New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Deciduous shrub, flowers in March and April. Reproduces by cuttings or from seeds.
Fruits mature in May and June CONTROL SPECIES NAME Lonicera japonica Thunb. COMMON NAME Japanese honeysuckle FAMILY Caprifoliaceae NPS CODE LONJAP
Invasive
Forms dense, monotypic thickets, climbing over other vegetation. Spreads, but does not flower or fruit in shade. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Tends to be weedy and a rampant grower, can spread or climb 15 to 30 feet, grows as a climbing, twining vine or a groundcover. Easy to grow, tolerant of difficult growing sites, and adaptable to most soils. Outcompetes native plants. Persists in shade, not flowering until canopy is opened. HABITAT Moist woodlands, borders of streams, fence rows, disturbed areas, forest edges and mid-successional communities. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Eastern Asia HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Introduced to the United States in 1806. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Entire Northeast except Vermont NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS BOHA, CACO, DEWA, GATE, MABI, MIMA, SAGA, WEFA REPRODUCTION Deciduous shrub, flowers in late April through July. Reproduces by cuttings. FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION Fruits ripen in August through October. CONTROL Prescribed fire, herbicide, mowing, hand-pulling SPECIES NAME
Amur honeysuckle FAMILY Caprifoliaceae NPS CODE LONMAA
Invasive
Produces many seeds and can form dense stands. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Shade tolerant, free of pests, easy to grow, adaptable to most soils. Self sows, weedy and can be a rampant grower. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Manchuria and Korea HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Introduced 1855-1860 NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Deciduous shrub, flowers in May and June. Reproduces by cuttings or by seeds.
Fruits ripen in October and are dispersed by birds and small mammals. CONTROL Grubbing, pulling seedlings, cutting, prescribed burning, herbicide SPECIES NAME
Morrow’s honeysuckle FAMILY Caprifoliaceae NPS CODE LONMOR
Invasive
Produces many bird-dispersed fruits and can form dense thickets. This species crosses with Lonicera tatarica and their hybrid gives rise to many taxonomically indistinct offspring. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Fast growth rate, easy to grow, produce abundant, many-seeded berries, rapidly invade and overtake an area, compete with native plants for resources such as light, nutrients and pollinators. Seeds remain viable for up to two years in the soil. Possibly secrete allelopathic chemicals into the ground, preventing the growth of other species. Shade tolerant. Grows especially well in calcareous soils. HABITAT Near human habitation, wetlands, prairies, forests, stream banks and lake shores. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Japan
Introduced to the United States in 1975.
Entire Northeast NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS ACAD, BOHA, CACO, DEWA, MIMA, WEFA REPRODUCTION Deciduous shrub, flowers in May. Reproduces by cuttings or seeds. FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION Fruits ripen in July though September, and are bird dispersed. CONTROL Hand pulling, cutting, prescribed burning. European honeysuckle aphid recently introduced to control reproduction. SPECIES NAME
Standish honeysuckle FAMILY Caprifoliaceae NPS CODE LONSTA
Invasive
Can form dense thickets. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Forms thickets and shrub layers that crowd and shade out native plants. Decreases light, depletes soil of moisture and nutrients. Competes with natives for pollinators. Grows vigorously and has the ability to invade rapidly. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Asia and western Europe HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Probably introduced to the United States as an ornamental. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Entire Northeast NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS REPRODUCTION Semi-evergreen shrub, flowers in April.
Fruits mature in May and June and are dispersed by birds. CONTROL Hand pulling of seedlings, cutting, herbicide and prescribed fire. SPECIES NAME
Tatarian honeysuckle FAMILY Caprifoliaceae NPS CODE LONTAR
Invasive
Can form, along with its hybrid offspring, dense thickets. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Easy to grow and adaptable to most soils. Weedy, tends to self sow. Withstands flooding, drought, shade and temperature extremes. Invades rapidly, creates a dense shrub layer which crowds and shades native plants. Depletes soil of moisture and nutrients and competes with natives for pollinators. Crosses with Lonicera morrowii to form Lonicera X bella. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Central Asia to southern Russia HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION Introduced to the United States in 1752 as an ornamental, and for shelterbelts, erosion control, wildlife food and cover. NORTHEASTERN US DISTRIBUTION Entire Northeast NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS CACO, BOHA REPRODUCTION Shrub, flowers late April through June. Reproduces by cuttings or seed. FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION Fruits mature July through September and are dispersed by birds. CONTROL Cutting, pulling, hand-grubbing, herbicide applied to cut stumps, and biocontrol (an aphid species). SPECIES NAME
Bella honeysuckle FAMILY Caprifoliaceae NPS CODE LONBEL
Invasive
Produces many offspring that form dense thickets. This hybrid back-crosses giving rise to many taxonomically indistinct offspring. INVASIVE ECOLOGY Capable of rapid invasion, creates a dense shrub layer which crowds and shades native plants. Decreases light and depletes soil of moisture and nutrients. Grows vigorously and competes with native plants for pollinators. Possibly use allelopathic chemical to prevent the growth of other species. Shade tolerant. Grows exceptionally well in calcareous soils. HABITAT Near human habitation, wetlands, prairies, forests, stream banks, and lake shores. GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Asia
Introduced to the United States in the late 1800s by seeds from Russia.
Entire Northeast NORTHEASTERN NATIONAL PARKS ACAD, MIMA, SAGA, WEFA REPRODUCTION Shrub, flowers in May and June. Reproduces from seed and occasionally vegetatively. FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION Fruits mature July through September. Dispersed by birds. CONTROL Hand pulling of seedlings, cutting, herbicide and prescribed burning. Recently, the European honeysuckle aphid as been introduced to control reproduction. Download 461.49 Kb. Share with your friends:
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