Chapter 17
The Age of Enlightenment: Eighteenth-Century Thought
MULTIPLE CHOICE
The two most important influences on Enlightenment thought were ________.
Galileo and Copernicus
Newton and Copernicus
Locke and Newton
Galileo and Locke
Answer: C
Page Ref: 513
Skill: Factual
Topic: Formative Influences on the Enlightenment
An expanding, literate public and the growing influence of secular printed materials created a new and increasingly influential social force called ________.
public opinion
social premise
societal drive
communal view
Answer: A
Page Ref: 515
Skill: Factual
Topic: Formative Influences on the Enlightenment
Written by Voltaire in English and later translated to French, ________ praised the virtues of the English, especially their religious liberty, and implicitly criticized the abuses of French society.
Second Treatise on Government
Essay on Customs
Letters on the English
Elements of the Philosophy of Newton
Answer: C
Page Ref: 516
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Philosophes
________, an eighteenth-century philosopher, was known as the “Jewish Socrates.”
Thomas Hobbes
Baruch Spinoza
René Descartes
Moses Mendelssohn
Answer: D
Page Ref: 522
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Enlightenment and Religion
Who wrote The Persian Letters?
Charles de Montesquieu
Blaise Pascal
René de Chateaubriand
Moses Mendelssohn
Answer: A
Page Ref: 522
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Enlightenment and Religion
________ published On Crimes and Punishments, in which he applied critical analysis to the problem of making punishments both effective and just.
John Toland
Denis Diderot
Jean Le Rond d’Alembert
Marquis Cesare Beccaria
Answer: D
Page Ref: 524
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Enlightenment and Society
The most important political thought of the Enlightenment occurred in ________.
France
Holland
England
Scotland
Answer: A
Page Ref: 526
Skill: Factual
Topic: Political Thought of the Philosophes
________ contended that the process of civilization and the Enlightenment had corrupted human nature.
Adam Smith
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
René Descartes
Charles de Montesquieu
Answer: B
Page Ref: 527
Skill: Factual
Topic: Political Thought of the Philosophes
Herder is famous for his early views concerning ________.
intellectual realism
cultural relativism
social democracy
relative absolutism
Answer: B
Page Ref: 529
Skill: Factual
Topic: Political Thought of the Philosophes
________ maintained that women were not naturally inferior to men and that women should have a wider role in society.
Adam Smith
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
René Descartes
Charles de Montesquieu
Answer: D
Page Ref: 530
Skill: Factual
Topic: Women in the Thought and Practice of the Enlightenment
Which of the following styles of art utilizes lavish, often lighthearted decoration with an emphasis on pastel colors and the play of light?
Baroque
Rococo
Impressionism
Neoclassicism
Answer: B
Page Ref: 532
Skill: Factual
Topic: Rococo and Neoclassical Styles in Eighteenth-Century Art
Which of the following styles of art embodies a return to figurative and architectural modes drawn from the Renaissance and the ancient world?
Rococo
Abstract
Impressionism
Neoclassicism
Answer: D
Page Ref: 532
Skill: Factual
Topic: Rococo and Neoclassical Styles in Eighteenth-Century Art
13. ________, who embodied enlightened absolutism more than any other monarch, forged a state that commanded the loyalty of the military, the Junker nobility, the Lutheran clergy, and a growing bureaucracy.
Joseph II
Maria Theresa
Frederick the Great
Catherine II
Answer: C
Page Ref: 539
Skill: Factual
Topic: Enlightened Absolutism
14. As part of her territorial aspirations, Catherine the Great painlessly annexed the newly independent state of ________ in 1783.
Estonia
Crimea
Livonia
Romania
Answer: B
Page Ref: 546
Skill: Factual
Topic: Enlightened Absolutism
15. How did Voltaire come to admire English culture?
He read the works of English philosophes.
He visited England on holiday.
He was the French ambassador to England.
He lived in exile in England.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 516
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Philosophes
16. The issue most relevant to physiocrats was ________.
legal reform
women’s social status
legislative reform
property rights
Answer: D
Page Ref: 524
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Enlightenment and Society
17. The subject matter of Rococo-style paintings, with scenes of leisure, romance, and seduction, led to a feeling of hostility toward the ________.
political and social elites of the Old Regime
nobles at court
monarchy
peasantry
Answer: A
Page Ref: 535
Skill: Factual
Topic: Rococo and Neoclassical Styles in Eighteenth-Century Art
18. Who believed that the intent of punishment should be to deter further crime, not to impose the will of God?
Voltaire
Rousseau
Wollstonecraft
Beccaria
Answer: D
Page Ref: 524
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Enlightenment and Society
19. What did Baruch Spinoza and Moses Mendelssohn have in common?
They were both Jewish.
B. They were both Muslim.
C. They were both Protestants.
D. They were both clergymen.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 522
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Enlightenment and Religion
20. From where did the first imports of coffee come to supply the European coffeehouses?
Brazil
the Caribbean
Africa
the Ottoman Empire
Answer: D
Page Ref: 517
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Philosophes
21. Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d’Alembert are best known for their great work: ________.
Treatise on Toleration
the Encyclopedia
Philosophical Dictionary
Letters on the English
Answer: B
Page Ref: 523
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Enlightenment and Society
22. Which of the following philosophes argued against the abuses of imperialism?
Moses Mendelssohn
Immanuel Kant
Adam Smith
Cesare Beccaria
Answer: B
Page Ref: 529
Skill: Factual
Topic: Political Thought of the Philosophes
23. Baruch Spinoza inspired which of these works?
Candide
Jerusalem, or, On Ecclesiastical Power and Judaism
Ethics
Nathan the Wise
Answer: D
Page Ref: 522
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Enlightenment and Religion
24. Which philosophe is credited with a profound effect on the constitutional form of liberal democracies for more than two centuries?
Charles de Montesquieu
Voltaire
Baruch Spinoza
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Answer: A
Page Ref: 526
Skill: Factual
Topic: Political Thought of the Philosophes
25. Smith’s theory about how human society moves from barbarism to civilization is called his ________ theory.
laissez-faire
deist
four-stage
empirical
Answer: C
Page Ref: 524
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Enlightenment and Society
26. When Immanuel Kant called his age “an age of Enlightenment,” he stressed the Enlightenment as _________.
the highest stage of human achievement
Adam Smith’s fourth stage
part of the past
a work in progress
Answer: D
Page Ref: 518
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Philosophes
27. The philosophe who popularized the thought of Isaac Newton was ________.
Voltaire in his work Letters on the English
Locke in his work An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
Rousseau in his work The Social Contract
Voltaire in his work Elements of the Philosophy of Newton
Answer: D
Page Ref: 516
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Philosophes
28. Who made up the largest audience for the work of the philosophes?
monarchs
the aristocracy and nobles
commercial and professional urban classes
clergymen
Answer: C
Page Ref: 516
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Philosophes
29. The two major points in the deists’ creed were ________.
the belief in an afterlife dependent upon one’s earthly actions and the existence of a rational God
the belief in the existence of a rational God and the existence of absolute principles
the belief in an afterlife dependent upon one’s earthly actions and the existence of absolute principles
the belief in the existence of absolute principles and the illogical nature of God’s existence
Answer: A
Page Ref: 518–519
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Enlightenment and Religion
30. Montesquieu hoped to counter monarchical oppression with ________.
democracy
independent branches of government
a legislative body that would head the government
a theocracy
Answer: B
Page Ref: 526
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Political Thought of the Philosophes
31. What was the purpose of Voltaire’s interest in the execution of Jean Calas?
Voltaire wished to demonstrate the horror of religious fanaticism and the need for judicial reform.
Voltaire was related to Jean Calas and wished to clear his name.
Voltaire was hired by the family of Calas to clear his name after he was executed.
Voltaire wanted to demonstrate that religious goals would find the truth in the end.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 519
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Enlightenment and Religion
32. The Encyclopedia ________.
secularized learning and spread Enlightenment ideas throughout Europe
sold about 1,200 copies
received official support
was written by Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d’Alembert
Answer: A
Page Ref: 523
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Enlightenment and Society
33. Adam Smith advocated ________.
a large role for government in the economy
ending England’s mercantile system
the elimination of England’s navy and army
that government take no part in the economy
Answer: B
Page Ref: 524
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Enlightenment and Society
34. His idea that governments should pay for schools shows that Smith ________.
supported laissez-faire policies
was a physiocrat
was a proponent of mercantilism
was not dogmatic in supporting laissez-faire policies
Answer: D
Page Ref: 524
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Enlightenment and Society
35. According to Smith’s four-stage theory, human societies ________.
have no real moral basis
can be religious, secular, scientific, or superstitious
move from barbarism to civilization
can be classified as hunter-gatherer, pastoral, agricultural, or knowledge-worker
Answer: C
Page Ref: 524
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Enlightenment and Society
36. Which connection between work and author is accurate?
Theologico-Political Treatise: Mendelssohn
Persian Letters: Montesquieu
Encyclopedia: Spinoza
Candide: Diderot
Answer: B
Page Ref: 526
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Political Thought of the Philosophes
37. Most European thinkers associated with the Enlightenment ________.
favored the extension of European empires across the world
were members of the artisan class
were proponents of democracy
were atheists
Answer: A
Page Ref: 528
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Political Thought of the Philosophes
38. The philosophes generally ________.
advocated fundamental changes in the social condition of women
believed women to be socially equal but not politically equal to men
said little about women
were not avid feminists
Answer: D
Page Ref: 529
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Women in the Thought and Practice of the Enlightenment
39. Neoclassical paintings were didactic rather than emotional, and their subject matter usually concerned ________.
public life or public morals
intimate family life
daily routines
leisure activities
Answer: A
Page Ref: 536
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Rococo and Neoclassical Styles in Eighteenth-Century Art
40. Monarchs such as Joseph II and Catherine II made “enlightened” reforms part of their drive to ________.
increase revenues and gain political support
begin the process of moving away from monarchy
begin the process of moving toward constitutional monarchy
give commoners more political power
Answer: A
Page Ref: 538
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Enlightened Absolutism
41. The monarch that most exemplifies enlightened absolutism was ________.
Joseph II
Maria Theresa
Frederick the Great
Catherine II
Answer: C
Page Ref: 539
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Enlightened Absolutism
42. Of all the rising states of the eighteenth century, ________ was the most diverse in its people and problems.
Austria
Russia
Prussia
France
Answer: A
Page Ref: 40
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Enlightened Absolutism
43. Joseph II of Austria ________.
sought to improve the productivity and social conditions of the peasantry
increased the tax burden on the peasantry
reduced the serfs to slaves
built many Catholic seminaries and allowed the church total autonomy
Answer: A
Page Ref: 541
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Enlightened Absolutism
44. Catherine the Great of Russia ________.
replaced the nobles with loyal government bureaucrats
abandoned the ideals of absolutism
built a strong alliance with the nobility
made an alliance with Poland
Answer: C
Page Ref: 545
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Enlightened Absolutism
45. Why is it surprising that Lady Mary Wortley Montagu was the voice of tolerance of Islam?
because most philosophes disdained Islam
because most Muslims dismissed Christians
because she was married to an ambassador
because she was not an educated woman
Answer: B
Page Ref: 519
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Enlightenment and Religion
46. Deism reflected Enlightenment intellectual currents in ___________.
rejecting the notion of a deity
its rational approach
having a special role for women in its observations
its opposition to Islam
Answer: B
Page Ref: 519
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Enlightenment and Religion
47. With what opinion would the editors of the Encyclopedia most likely agree?
Women should be kept to the same sexual standards as men.
The right to vote for women would be socially useful.
Motherhood is a woman’s most important occupation.
It is reasonable to think that women are as capable as men to be strong rulers.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 531
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Women in the Thought and Practice of the Enlightenment
48. Which statement best summarizes Rousseau’s writings about the role of women in society?
Rousseau’s views had little impact on the ideas of his contemporaries.
Rousseau’s ideas were novel and surprising for most of his readers.
Rousseau was considered progressive and liberal in his ideas of women.
Rousseau’s traditional ideas deeply influenced many leaders on the subject of gender roles.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 531
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Women in the Thought and Practice of the Enlightenment
49. What was the effect of the Prussian Civil Service Commission?
It subordinated the nobility and aristocracy to the state under Frederick the Great.
It placed the junkers to the nobles in Prussia under Maria Theresa.
It led to a rise in the prosperity of the middle class.
It caused a decrease in property rights for the nobility.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 539
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Enlightened Absolutism
50. How did print culture contribute to the Enlightenment and the call for reform throughout Europe?
Increasing literacy and the volume of books printed encouraged the discussion of ideas about reform.
The greater number of print shops employed a large number of people and raised the standard of life for the middle class.
Governments were able to distribute their ideas in writing to a wider number of people.
Reference books such as the Encyclopedia were available to most universities.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 514
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Formative Influences on the Enlightenment
51. After 1688, which of these remained forbidden in Britain?
Lutherans and Unitarians
Lutherans and Jews
Jews and Roman Catholics
Unitarians and Roman Catholics
Answer: D
Page Ref: 513
Skill: Analytical
Topic: Formative Influences on the Enlightenment
52. Philosophes were most direct in their attacks on Christian __________.
clergy
beliefs
institutions
schools
Answer: C
Page Ref: 518
Skill: Analytical
Topic: The Enlightenment and Religion
53. Smith’s four-stage theory placed European culture ________.
in the third stage
at the summit of human achievement
in the Enlightenment stage of development
in a stage beyond the fourth stage
Answer: B
Page Ref: 526
Skill: Analytical
Topic: The Enlightenment and Society
54. Frederick the Great’s religious toleration can be seen as _________.
based on practical politics
an outgrowth of his own atheism
an attempt to undermine the Ottoman Empire
a weapon he used against Russia
Answer: A
Page Ref: 539–540
Skill: Analytical
Topic: Enlightened Absolutism
55. Catherine the Great’s reforms were ultimately dampened by which of these considerations?
the vastness of Russia
the expense of war with Austria
a number of religious uprisings
the need to placate the nobility
Answer: D
Page Ref: 545
Skill: Analytical
Topic: Enlightened Absolutism
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