Chapter 14 New Directions in Thought and Culture in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries multiple choice


Chapter 17 The Age of Enlightenment: Eighteenth-Century Thought



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Chapter 17

The Age of Enlightenment: Eighteenth-Century Thought


MULTIPLE CHOICE


  1. The two most important influences on Enlightenment thought were ________.

    1. Galileo and Copernicus

    2. Newton and Copernicus

    3. Locke and Newton

    4. Galileo and Locke

Answer: C

Page Ref: 513

Skill: Factual

Topic: Formative Influences on the Enlightenment


  1. An expanding, literate public and the growing influence of secular printed materials created a new and increasingly influential social force called ________.

    1. public opinion

    2. social premise

    3. societal drive

    4. communal view

Answer: A

Page Ref: 515

Skill: Factual

Topic: Formative Influences on the Enlightenment


  1. Written by Voltaire in English and later translated to French, ________ praised the virtues of the English, especially their religious liberty, and implicitly criticized the abuses of French society.

    1. Second Treatise on Government

    2. Essay on Customs

    3. Letters on the English

    4. Elements of the Philosophy of Newton

Answer: C

Page Ref: 516

Skill: Factual

Topic: The Philosophes




  1. ________, an eighteenth-century philosopher, was known as the “Jewish Socrates.”

    1. Thomas Hobbes

    2. Baruch Spinoza

    3. René Descartes

    4. Moses Mendelssohn

Answer: D

Page Ref: 522

Skill: Factual

Topic: The Enlightenment and Religion




  1. Who wrote The Persian Letters?

    1. Charles de Montesquieu

    2. Blaise Pascal

    3. René de Chateaubriand

    4. Moses Mendelssohn

Answer: A

Page Ref: 522

Skill: Factual

Topic: The Enlightenment and Religion




  1. ________ published On Crimes and Punishments, in which he applied critical analysis to the problem of making punishments both effective and just.

    1. John Toland

    2. Denis Diderot

    3. Jean Le Rond d’Alembert

    4. Marquis Cesare Beccaria

Answer: D

Page Ref: 524

Skill: Factual

Topic: The Enlightenment and Society


  1. The most important political thought of the Enlightenment occurred in ________.

    1. France

    2. Holland

    3. England

    4. Scotland

Answer: A

Page Ref: 526

Skill: Factual

Topic: Political Thought of the Philosophes




  1. ________ contended that the process of civilization and the Enlightenment had corrupted human nature.

    1. Adam Smith

    2. Jean-Jacques Rousseau

    3. René Descartes

    4. Charles de Montesquieu

Answer: B

Page Ref: 527

Skill: Factual

Topic: Political Thought of the Philosophes




  1. Herder is famous for his early views concerning ________.

    1. intellectual realism

    2. cultural relativism

    3. social democracy

    4. relative absolutism

Answer: B

Page Ref: 529

Skill: Factual

Topic: Political Thought of the Philosophes




  1. ________ maintained that women were not naturally inferior to men and that women should have a wider role in society.

    1. Adam Smith

    2. Jean-Jacques Rousseau

    3. René Descartes

    4. Charles de Montesquieu

Answer: D

Page Ref: 530

Skill: Factual

Topic: Women in the Thought and Practice of the Enlightenment


  1. Which of the following styles of art utilizes lavish, often lighthearted decoration with an emphasis on pastel colors and the play of light?

    1. Baroque

    2. Rococo

    3. Impressionism

    4. Neoclassicism

Answer: B

Page Ref: 532

Skill: Factual

Topic: Rococo and Neoclassical Styles in Eighteenth-Century Art



  1. Which of the following styles of art embodies a return to figurative and architectural modes drawn from the Renaissance and the ancient world?

    1. Rococo

    2. Abstract

    3. Impressionism

    4. Neoclassicism

Answer: D

Page Ref: 532

Skill: Factual

Topic: Rococo and Neoclassical Styles in Eighteenth-Century Art


13. ________, who embodied enlightened absolutism more than any other monarch, forged a state that commanded the loyalty of the military, the Junker nobility, the Lutheran clergy, and a growing bureaucracy.

    1. Joseph II

    2. Maria Theresa

    3. Frederick the Great

    4. Catherine II

Answer: C

Page Ref: 539

Skill: Factual

Topic: Enlightened Absolutism
14. As part of her territorial aspirations, Catherine the Great painlessly annexed the newly independent state of ________ in 1783.


  1. Estonia

  2. Crimea

  3. Livonia

  4. Romania

Answer: B

Page Ref: 546

Skill: Factual

Topic: Enlightened Absolutism
15. How did Voltaire come to admire English culture?


  1. He read the works of English philosophes.

  2. He visited England on holiday.

  3. He was the French ambassador to England.

  4. He lived in exile in England.

Answer: D

Page Ref: 516

Skill: Factual

Topic: The Philosophes
16. The issue most relevant to physiocrats was ________.


  1. legal reform

  2. women’s social status

  3. legislative reform

  4. property rights

Answer: D

Page Ref: 524

Skill: Factual

Topic: The Enlightenment and Society


17. The subject matter of Rococo-style paintings, with scenes of leisure, romance, and seduction, led to a feeling of hostility toward the ________.

  1. political and social elites of the Old Regime

  2. nobles at court

  3. monarchy

  4. peasantry

Answer: A

Page Ref: 535

Skill: Factual

Topic: Rococo and Neoclassical Styles in Eighteenth-Century Art


18. Who believed that the intent of punishment should be to deter further crime, not to impose the will of God?

  1. Voltaire

  2. Rousseau

  3. Wollstonecraft

  4. Beccaria

Answer: D

Page Ref: 524

Skill: Factual

Topic: The Enlightenment and Society


19. What did Baruch Spinoza and Moses Mendelssohn have in common?

  1. They were both Jewish.

B. They were both Muslim.

C. They were both Protestants.

D. They were both clergymen.

Answer: A

Page Ref: 522

Skill: Factual

Topic: The Enlightenment and Religion
20. From where did the first imports of coffee come to supply the European coffeehouses?


  1. Brazil

  2. the Caribbean

  3. Africa

  4. the Ottoman Empire

Answer: D

Page Ref: 517

Skill: Factual

Topic: The Philosophes


21. Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d’Alembert are best known for their great work: ________.

  1. Treatise on Toleration

  2. the Encyclopedia

  3. Philosophical Dictionary

  4. Letters on the English

Answer: B

Page Ref: 523

Skill: Factual

Topic: The Enlightenment and Society


22. Which of the following philosophes argued against the abuses of imperialism?

  1. Moses Mendelssohn

  2. Immanuel Kant

  3. Adam Smith

  4. Cesare Beccaria

Answer: B

Page Ref: 529

Skill: Factual

Topic: Political Thought of the Philosophes


23. Baruch Spinoza inspired which of these works?

  1. Candide

  2. Jerusalem, or, On Ecclesiastical Power and Judaism

  3. Ethics

  4. Nathan the Wise

Answer: D

Page Ref: 522

Skill: Factual

Topic: The Enlightenment and Religion


24. Which philosophe is credited with a profound effect on the constitutional form of liberal democracies for more than two centuries?

  1. Charles de Montesquieu

  2. Voltaire

  3. Baruch Spinoza

  4. Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Answer: A

Page Ref: 526

Skill: Factual

Topic: Political Thought of the Philosophes


25. Smith’s theory about how human society moves from barbarism to civilization is called his ________ theory.

  1. laissez-faire

  2. deist

  3. four-stage

  4. empirical

Answer: C

Page Ref: 524

Skill: Factual

Topic: The Enlightenment and Society
26. When Immanuel Kant called his age “an age of Enlightenment,” he stressed the Enlightenment as _________.


  1. the highest stage of human achievement

  2. Adam Smith’s fourth stage

  3. part of the past

  4. a work in progress

Answer: D

Page Ref: 518

Skill: Conceptual

Topic: The Philosophes
27. The philosophe who popularized the thought of Isaac Newton was ________.


  1. Voltaire in his work Letters on the English

  2. Locke in his work An Essay Concerning Human Understanding

  3. Rousseau in his work The Social Contract

  4. Voltaire in his work Elements of the Philosophy of Newton

Answer: D

Page Ref: 516

Skill: Conceptual

Topic: The Philosophes


28. Who made up the largest audience for the work of the philosophes?

  1. monarchs

  2. the aristocracy and nobles

  3. commercial and professional urban classes

  4. clergymen

Answer: C

Page Ref: 516

Skill: Conceptual

Topic: The Philosophes


29. The two major points in the deists’ creed were ________.

  1. the belief in an afterlife dependent upon one’s earthly actions and the existence of a rational God

  2. the belief in the existence of a rational God and the existence of absolute principles

  3. the belief in an afterlife dependent upon one’s earthly actions and the existence of absolute principles

  4. the belief in the existence of absolute principles and the illogical nature of God’s existence

Answer: A

Page Ref: 518–519

Skill: Conceptual

Topic: The Enlightenment and Religion
30. Montesquieu hoped to counter monarchical oppression with ________.


  1. democracy

  2. independent branches of government

  3. a legislative body that would head the government

  4. a theocracy

Answer: B

Page Ref: 526

Skill: Conceptual

Topic: Political Thought of the Philosophes


31. What was the purpose of Voltaire’s interest in the execution of Jean Calas?

  1. Voltaire wished to demonstrate the horror of religious fanaticism and the need for judicial reform.

  2. Voltaire was related to Jean Calas and wished to clear his name.

  3. Voltaire was hired by the family of Calas to clear his name after he was executed.

  4. Voltaire wanted to demonstrate that religious goals would find the truth in the end.

Answer: A

Page Ref: 519

Skill: Conceptual

Topic: The Enlightenment and Religion


32. The Encyclopedia ________.

  1. secularized learning and spread Enlightenment ideas throughout Europe

  2. sold about 1,200 copies

  3. received official support

  4. was written by Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d’Alembert

Answer: A

Page Ref: 523

Skill: Conceptual

Topic: The Enlightenment and Society
33. Adam Smith advocated ________.


  1. a large role for government in the economy

  2. ending England’s mercantile system

  3. the elimination of England’s navy and army

  4. that government take no part in the economy

Answer: B

Page Ref: 524

Skill: Conceptual

Topic: The Enlightenment and Society
34. His idea that governments should pay for schools shows that Smith ________.


  1. supported laissez-faire policies

  2. was a physiocrat

  3. was a proponent of mercantilism

  4. was not dogmatic in supporting laissez-faire policies

Answer: D

Page Ref: 524

Skill: Conceptual

Topic: The Enlightenment and Society
35. According to Smith’s four-stage theory, human societies ________.


  1. have no real moral basis

  2. can be religious, secular, scientific, or superstitious

  3. move from barbarism to civilization

  4. can be classified as hunter-gatherer, pastoral, agricultural, or knowledge-worker

Answer: C

Page Ref: 524

Skill: Conceptual

Topic: The Enlightenment and Society
36. Which connection between work and author is accurate?


  1. Theologico-Political Treatise: Mendelssohn

  2. Persian Letters: Montesquieu

  3. Encyclopedia: Spinoza

  4. Candide: Diderot

Answer: B

Page Ref: 526

Skill: Conceptual

Topic: Political Thought of the Philosophes


37. Most European thinkers associated with the Enlightenment ________.

  1. favored the extension of European empires across the world

  2. were members of the artisan class

  3. were proponents of democracy

  4. were atheists

Answer: A

Page Ref: 528

Skill: Conceptual

Topic: Political Thought of the Philosophes


38. The philosophes generally ________.

  1. advocated fundamental changes in the social condition of women

  2. believed women to be socially equal but not politically equal to men

  3. said little about women

  4. were not avid feminists

Answer: D

Page Ref: 529

Skill: Conceptual

Topic: Women in the Thought and Practice of the Enlightenment
39. Neoclassical paintings were didactic rather than emotional, and their subject matter usually concerned ________.


  1. public life or public morals

  2. intimate family life

  3. daily routines

  4. leisure activities

Answer: A

Page Ref: 536

Skill: Conceptual

Topic: Rococo and Neoclassical Styles in Eighteenth-Century Art


40. Monarchs such as Joseph II and Catherine II made “enlightened” reforms part of their drive to ________.

  1. increase revenues and gain political support

  2. begin the process of moving away from monarchy

  3. begin the process of moving toward constitutional monarchy

  4. give commoners more political power

Answer: A

Page Ref: 538

Skill: Conceptual

Topic: Enlightened Absolutism
41. The monarch that most exemplifies enlightened absolutism was ________.


  1. Joseph II

  2. Maria Theresa

  3. Frederick the Great

  4. Catherine II

Answer: C

Page Ref: 539

Skill: Conceptual

Topic: Enlightened Absolutism
42. Of all the rising states of the eighteenth century, ________ was the most diverse in its people and problems.


  1. Austria

  2. Russia

  3. Prussia

  4. France

Answer: A

Page Ref: 40

Skill: Conceptual

Topic: Enlightened Absolutism
43. Joseph II of Austria ________.


  1. sought to improve the productivity and social conditions of the peasantry

  2. increased the tax burden on the peasantry

  3. reduced the serfs to slaves

  4. built many Catholic seminaries and allowed the church total autonomy

Answer: A

Page Ref: 541

Skill: Conceptual

Topic: Enlightened Absolutism
44. Catherine the Great of Russia ________.


  1. replaced the nobles with loyal government bureaucrats

  2. abandoned the ideals of absolutism

  3. built a strong alliance with the nobility

  4. made an alliance with Poland

Answer: C
Page Ref: 545

Skill: Conceptual

Topic: Enlightened Absolutism
45. Why is it surprising that Lady Mary Wortley Montagu was the voice of tolerance of Islam?


  1. because most philosophes disdained Islam

  2. because most Muslims dismissed Christians

  3. because she was married to an ambassador

  4. because she was not an educated woman

Answer: B

Page Ref: 519

Skill: Conceptual

Topic: The Enlightenment and Religion


46. Deism reflected Enlightenment intellectual currents in ___________.

  1. rejecting the notion of a deity

  2. its rational approach

  3. having a special role for women in its observations

  4. its opposition to Islam

Answer: B

Page Ref: 519

Skill: Conceptual

Topic: The Enlightenment and Religion


47. With what opinion would the editors of the Encyclopedia most likely agree?

  1. Women should be kept to the same sexual standards as men.

  2. The right to vote for women would be socially useful.

  3. Motherhood is a woman’s most important occupation.

  4. It is reasonable to think that women are as capable as men to be strong rulers.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 531

Skill: Conceptual

Topic: Women in the Thought and Practice of the Enlightenment


48. Which statement best summarizes Rousseau’s writings about the role of women in society?

  1. Rousseau’s views had little impact on the ideas of his contemporaries.

  2. Rousseau’s ideas were novel and surprising for most of his readers.

  3. Rousseau was considered progressive and liberal in his ideas of women.

  4. Rousseau’s traditional ideas deeply influenced many leaders on the subject of gender roles.

Answer: D

Page Ref: 531

Skill: Conceptual

Topic: Women in the Thought and Practice of the Enlightenment


49. What was the effect of the Prussian Civil Service Commission?

  1. It subordinated the nobility and aristocracy to the state under Frederick the Great.

  2. It placed the junkers to the nobles in Prussia under Maria Theresa.

  3. It led to a rise in the prosperity of the middle class.

  4. It caused a decrease in property rights for the nobility.

Answer: A

Page Ref: 539

Skill: Conceptual

Topic: Enlightened Absolutism


50. How did print culture contribute to the Enlightenment and the call for reform throughout Europe?

  1. Increasing literacy and the volume of books printed encouraged the discussion of ideas about reform.

  2. The greater number of print shops employed a large number of people and raised the standard of life for the middle class.

  3. Governments were able to distribute their ideas in writing to a wider number of people.

  4. Reference books such as the Encyclopedia were available to most universities.

Answer: A

Page Ref: 514

Skill: Conceptual

Topic: Formative Influences on the Enlightenment


51. After 1688, which of these remained forbidden in Britain?

  1. Lutherans and Unitarians

  2. Lutherans and Jews

  3. Jews and Roman Catholics

  4. Unitarians and Roman Catholics

Answer: D

Page Ref: 513

Skill: Analytical

Topic: Formative Influences on the Enlightenment
52. Philosophes were most direct in their attacks on Christian __________.


  1. clergy

  2. beliefs

  3. institutions

  4. schools

Answer: C

Page Ref: 518

Skill: Analytical

Topic: The Enlightenment and Religion
53. Smith’s four-stage theory placed European culture ________.


  1. in the third stage

  2. at the summit of human achievement

  3. in the Enlightenment stage of development

  4. in a stage beyond the fourth stage

Answer: B

Page Ref: 526

Skill: Analytical

Topic: The Enlightenment and Society
54. Frederick the Great’s religious toleration can be seen as _________.


  1. based on practical politics

  2. an outgrowth of his own atheism

  3. an attempt to undermine the Ottoman Empire

  4. a weapon he used against Russia

Answer: A

Page Ref: 539–540

Skill: Analytical

Topic: Enlightened Absolutism
55. Catherine the Great’s reforms were ultimately dampened by which of these considerations?


  1. the vastness of Russia

  2. the expense of war with Austria

  3. a number of religious uprisings

  4. the need to placate the nobility

Answer: D

Page Ref: 545

Skill: Analytical



Topic: Enlightened Absolutism

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