Managerial decision-making: 1. Top management focuses on non-programmed decision-making, 2. First-level managers focus on programmed decision-making. 3. Middle managers focus mostly on programmed decision making. If top management focuses on programmed decision-making then organizational planning is neglected, short-run control is overemphasized and delegation of authority is insufficient. Decision making process A Rational Decision Making Process Decisions are the means to certain ends. They are the organizational mechanisms that attempt to achieve a desired state. Decisions are organizational responses to problems and outcomes of a dynamic process.
