Cidoc conceptual Reference Model
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- Multiple Instantiation
- P138 represents (has representation)
- P69 has association with (is associated with)
- P56 bears feature (is found on)
- Scope note of P32 used general technique (was technique of)
- Spatiotemporal Entities and Properties
- E93 Spacetime Snapshot
- P157 is at rest relative to (occupied)
- P160 has temporal projection
- P161 has spatial projection
- P162 is restricted by
- P163 is restricted by
- P164 is restricted by
Amendments 5.1.2The scope note of E74 is changed28th CIDOC SIG meeting and the 21st FRBR-CIDOC CRM Harmonization meeting 6 – 8 June, 2013, the CRM-SIG resolving the issue 215 decided to accept the changes to the scope note of E74 Group. The scope note of E74 has been changed: FROM
This class comprises any gatherings or organizations of two or more people that act collectively or in a similar way due to any form of unifying relationship. In the wider sense this class also comprises official positions which used to be regarded in certain contexts as one actor, independent of the current holder of the office, such as the president of a country. A gathering of people becomes an E74 Group when it exhibits organizational characteristics usually typified by a set of ideas or beliefs held in common, or actions performed together. These might be communication, creating some common artifact, a common purpose such as study, worship, business, sports, etc. Nationality can be modeled as membership in an E74 Group (cf. HumanML markup). Married couples and other concepts of family are regarded as particular examples of E74 Group. Examples
TO
A gathering of people becomes an E74 Group when it exhibits organizational characteristics usually typified by a set of ideas or beliefs held in common, or actions performed together. These might be communication, creating some common artifact, a common purpose such as study, worship, business, sports, etc. Nationality can be modeled as membership in an E74 Group (cf. HumanML markup). Married couples and other concepts of family are regarded as particular examples of E74 Group. Examples:
Multiple InstantiationIn 29th CIDOC SIG and the 22nd FRBR-CIDOC CRM Harmonization meeting, October 21st, Crete, resolving the issue 202, a text about “multiple instantiation has been added to terminology section, page x. The text follows: “Instantiation is the term that describes the case that an instance of class A is also regarded as an instance of one or more other classes B1...n at the same time. When multiple instantiation is used, it has the effect that the properties of all these classes become available to describe this instance. For instance, some particular cases of destruction may also be activities(e.g.,Herostratos’ deed), but not all destructions are activities (e.g., destruction of Herculaneum). In comparison, multiple inheritance describes the case that all instances of a class A are implicitly instances of all superclasses of A, by virtue of the definition of the class A, whereas the combination of classes used for multiple instantiation is a characteristic of particular instances only. It is important to note that multiple instantiation is not allowed using combinations of disjoint classes.” P138 represents (has representation)In 29th CIDOC SIG and the 22nd FRBR-CIDOC CRM Harmonization meeting, October 21st, Crete, resolving the issue 205, the scope note of property P138 has been changed FROM This property establishes the relationship between an E36 Visual Item and the entity that it visually represents. Any entity may be represented visually. This property is part of the fully developed path from E24 Physical Man-Made Thing through P65 shows visual item (is shown by), E36 Visual Item, P138 represents (has representation) to E1 CRM Entity, which is shortcut by P62depicts (is depicted by). P138.1 mode of representation allows the nature of the representation to be refined . Examples:
TO: This property establishes the relationship between an E36 Visual Item and the entity that it visually represents. Any entity may be represented visually. This property is part of the fully developed path from E24 Physical Man-Made Thing through P65 shows visual item (is shown by), E36 Visual Item, P138 represents (has representation) to E1 CRM Entity, which is shortcut by P62depicts (is depicted by). P138.1 mode of representation allows the nature of the representation to be refined. This property is also used for the relationship between an original and a digitisation of the original by the use of techniques such as digital photography, flatbed or infrared scanning. Digitisation is here seen as a process with a mechanical, causal component rendering the spatial distribution of structural and optical properties of the original and does not necessarily include any visual similarity identifiable by human observation." Also the following examples has been added:
P69 has association with (is associated with)In 29th CIDOC SIG and the 22nd FRBR-CIDOC CRM Harmonization meeting, October 21st, Crete, resolving the issue 214 we revised the scope note of P69 and the examples and one example is added. The text and the examples are changed FROM: P69 has association with (is associated with) Scope note: This symmetric property describes the association of an E29 Design or Procedure with other Designs or Procedures. Any instance of E29 Design or Procedure may be associated with other designs or procedures. The P69.1 has type property of P69 has association with allows the nature of the association to be specified; examples of types of association between instances of E29 Design or Procedure include: whole-part, sequence, prerequisite, etc Properties: P69.1 has type: E55 Type Examples:
TO
P69 has association with (is associated with) Scope note: This property generalises relationships like whole-part, sequence, prerequisite or inspired by between instances of E29 Design or Procedure. Any instance of E29 Design or Procedure may be associated with other designs or procedures. The property is considered to be symmetrical unless otherwise indicated by P69.1 has type. The P69.1 has type property of P69 has association with allows the nature of the association to be specified reading from domain to range; examples of types of association between instances of E29 Design or Procedure include: has part, follows, requires, etc. The property can typically be used to model the decomposition of the description of a complete workflow into a series of separate procedures. Examples:
Properties: P69.1 has type: E55 Type P56 bears feature (is found on)In 29th CIDOC SIG and the 22nd FRBR-CIDOC CRM Harmonization meeting, October 21st, Crete, resolving the issue 225, the scope of P56 has been changed FROM
This property describes a E26 Physical Feature found on a E19 Physical Object It does not specify the location of the feature on the object. P56 bears feature (is found on) is a shortcut. A more detailed representation can make use of the fully developed (i.e. indirect) path from E19 Physical Object through P59 has section (is located on or within), E53 Place, P53 has former or current location (is former or current location of) to E26 Physical Feature. A Physical Feature can only exist on one object. One object may bear more than one Physical Feature. An E27 Site should be considered as an E26 Physical Feature on the surface of the Earth. TO This property links an instance of E19 Physical Object to an instance of E26 Physical Feature that it bears. An E26 Physical Feature can only exist on one object. One object may bear more than one E26 Physical Feature. An E27 Site should be considered as an E26 Physical Feature on the surface of the Earth. An instance B of E26 Physical Feature being a detail of the structure of another instance A of E26 Physical Feature can be linked to B by use of the property P46 is composed of (forms part of). This implies that the subfeature B is P56i found on the same E19 Physical Object as A. P56 bears feature (is found on) is a shortcut. A more detailed representation can make use of the fully developed (i.e. indirect) path from E19 Physical Object through P59 has section (is located on or within), E53 Place, P53 has former or current location (is former or current location of) to E26 Physical Feature. Co reference statementIn 29th CIDOC SIG and the 22nd FRBR-CIDOC CRM Harmonization meeting, October 21st, Crete, resolving the issue 230, the following entities and properties have been added to the CRM E91 Co-Reference Assignment Subclass of: E13 Attribute Assignment Scope note: This class comprises actions of making the assertion whether two or more particular instances of E89 Propositional Object refer to the same instance of E1 CRM Entity. The assertion is based on the assumption that this was an implicit fact being made explicit by this assignment. Use of this class allows for the full description of the context of this assignment.(MD will write an extension about the levels of belief) Examples:
Properties: P153 assigned co-reference to (was regarded to co-refer by): E89 Propositional Object P154 assigned non co-reference to (was regarded not to co-refer by): E89 Propositional Object P155 has co-reference target (is co-reference target of): E1 CRM Entity P153 assigned co-reference to (was regarded to co-refer by) Domain: E91 Co-Reference Assignment Range: E89 Propositional Object Subproperty of: P140 assigned attribute to Quantification: ()
Domain: E91 Co-Reference Assignment Range: E89 Propositional Object Subproperty of: P140 assigned attribute to Quantification: ()
Domain: E91 Co-Reference Assignment Range: E1 CRM Entity Subproperty of: P141 assigned (was assigned by) Quantification: ()
These techniques should be drawn from an external E55 Type hierarchy of consistent terminology of general techniques such as embroidery, oil-painting, etc. Specific techniques may be further described as instances of E29 Design or Procedure. TO This property identifies the technique or method that was employed in an activity. These techniques should be drawn from an external E55 Type hierarchy of consistent terminology of general techniques or methods such as embroidery, oil-painting, carbon dating, etc. Specific documented techniques should be described as instances of E29 Design or Procedure. This property identifies the technique that was employed in an act of modification. Spatiotemporal Entities and PropertiesIn 29th CIDOC SIG and the 22nd FRBR-CIDOC CRM Harmonization meeting, October 21st, Crete, resolving the issue 234, the following entities and properties have been added for reviewing E92 Spacetime VolumeSubclass of: E1 CRM Entity Scope note: This class comprises 4 dimensional point sets (volumes) in physical spacetime regardless its true geometric form. They may derive their identity from being the extent of a material phenomenon or from being the interpretation of an expression defining an extent in spacetime. Intersections of instances of E92 Spacetime Volume, Place and Timespan are also regarded as instances of E92 Spacetime Volume. An instance of E92 Spacetime Volume is either contiguous or composed of a finite number of contiguous subsets. Its boundaries may be fuzzy due to the properties of the phenomena it derives from or due to the limited precision up to which defining expression can be identified with a real extent in spacetime. The duration of existence of an instance of a spacetime volume is trivially its projection on time . Examples:
Properties: P160 has temporal projection: E52 Time-Span P161 has spatial projection: E53 Place
E93 Spacetime SnapshotSubclass of: E92 Spacetime Volume Scope note: This class comprises instances of E92 Spacetime Volume that result from intersections of instances of E92 Spacetime Volume, E53 Place or E52 Time-Span. The identity of an instance of this class is determined by the identities of its constituting items. Those are one or more of the following: 1) two or more instances of E92 Spacetime Volume 2) one or more instances of E92 Spacetime Volume AND one or more instances of E53 Place. 3) one or more instances of E92 Spacetime Volume AND one or more instances of E52 Time-Span 4) one or more instances of E53 Place AND one or more instances of E52 Time-Span This class can be used to define temporal snapshots at a particular time-span, such as the extent of the Roman Empire at 33 B.C., or the extent occupied by a museum object at rest in an exhibit. It can also be used to define a spatial snapshot, such as cutting the E92 Spacetime Volume occupied by the Iron Age by the current spatial extent of Austria. It can also be used to define intersections of two or more real spatiotemporal components, such as the E92 Spacetime Volume occupied by the E4 Period of Impressionism with the E92 Spacetime Volume occupied by the life of Van Gogh, or the E92 Spacetime Volume occupied by Imperial China with that claimed by Imperial Vietnam. In particular, it can be used to define partial spatial or temporal projections of spacetime volumes, such as the time-spans of foreign occupation of a country, or the spatial extent of a flood at some particular hour.
P163 is restricted by: E53 Place P164 is restricted by: E52 Time Span
P156 occupiesDomain: E18 Physical Thing Range: E53 Place Quantification: one to one (0,1:1,1)
P157 is at rest relative to (occupied)Domain: P53 Place Range: E18 Physical Thing Superproperty of: Inverse of (E53 Place. P59i is located on or within: E18 Physical Thing) Quantification: many to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of P53 Place with the instance of E18 Physical Thing that determines a reference space for this instance of P53 Place by being at rest with respect to this reference space. The relative stability of form of an E18 Physical Thing defines its default reference space. The reference space is not spatially limited to the referred thing. For example, a ship determines a reference space in terms of which other ships in its neighbourhood may be described. Larger constellations of matter, such as continental plates, may comprise many physical features that are at rest with them and define the same reference space. P158 occupiedDomain: E4 Period Range: E92 Spacetime Volume Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E4 Period with the real (phenomenal) 4 dimensional point set (volume) in spacetime that it has occupied. The associated instance of E92 Spacetime Volume includes the trajectories of the participating physical things during their participation in the instance of E4 Period, the open spaces via which they have interacted and the spaces by which they had the potential to interact during that period or event in the way defined by the type of the respective period or event, such as the air in a meeting room transferring the voices. Another example are the areas controlled by some military power. In general, instances of E4 Period have fuzzy boundaries in spacetime. P159 occupiedDomain: E18 Physical Thing Range: E92 Spacetime Volume Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Scope note: This property describes the real (phenomenal) 4 dimensional point sets (volumes) in spacetime that the trajectory of an instance of E18 Physical Thing occupies in spacetime in the course of its existence. We include in the occupied space the space filled by the matter of the physical thing and all its inner spaces. P160 has temporal projectionDomain: E92 Spacetime Volume Range: E52 Time-Span Quantification: one to one (1,1:1,1) Scope note: This property describes the temporal projection of an instance of an E92 Spacetime Volume. The property P4 has time-span is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E4 Period through P158 occupied, E92 Spacetime Volume P160 has temporal projection to E52 Time Span. P161 has spatial projectionDomain: E92 Spacetime Volume Range: E53 Place Quantification: one to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,1)
The property P7 took place at is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E4 Period through P158 occupied, E92 Spacetime Volume P161 has spatial projection to E53 Place. P162 is restricted byDomain: E93 Spacetime Snapshot Range: E92 Spacetime Volume Quantification: two to many, necessary (2,n:0,n)
P163 is restricted byDomain: E93 Spacetime Snapshot Range: E53 Place Quantification: two to many, necessary (2,n:0,n)
P164 is restricted byDomain: E93 Spacetime Snapshot Range: E52 Time-Span Quantification: two to many, necessary (2,n:0,n)
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