Clinical Practice Guidelines Antenatal Care — Module II

9.16Resources

Glendenning P (2008) Management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and postpartum: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. Clinical Biochem 29(2): 83–85.

NHMRC (2010) NHMRC Public Statement: Iodine Supplementation for Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women. Canberra: National Health and Medical Research Council.

9.17References

APHDPC (2007) The Prevalence and Severity of Iodine Deficiency in Australia. Australian Population Health Development Principal Committee. Report Commissioned by the Australian Health Ministers’ Advisory Committee.

Casey BM, Leveno KJ (2006) Thyroid disease in pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology 108(5): 1283–92.

Casey BM, Dashe JS, Spong CY et al (2007) Perinatal significance of isolated maternal hypothyroxinemia identified in the first half of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 109(5): 1129–35.

Dashe JS, Casey BM, Wells CE et al (2005) Thyroid-stimulating hormone in singleton and twin pregnancy: importance of gestational age-specific reference ranges. Obstet Gynecol 106(4): 753–57.

Earl R, Crowther CA, Middleton P (2010) Interventions for preventing and treating hyperthyroidism in pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 9. Art. No.: CD008633. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008633.pub2.

Food Standards Australia New Zealand (2008) Approval Report Proposal P1003 – Mandatory Iodine Fortification for Australia. Commonwealth of Australia.

Gilbert RM, Hadlow NC, Walsh JP et al (2008) Assessment of thyroid function during pregnancy: first-trimester (weeks 9-13) reference intervals derived from Western Australian women. Med J Aust 189(5): 250–53.

He X, Wang P, Wang Z et al (2012) Thyroid antibodies and risk of preterm delivery: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Eur J Endocrinol 167(4): 455–64.

Lazarus JH, Bestwick JP, Channon S et al (2012) Antenatal thyroid screening and childhood cognitive function. New Engl J Med 366(6): 493–501.

Lazarus JH (2011) Thyroid function in pregnancy [Review]. Brit Med Bull 97: 137–48.

Lazarus JH (2005) Thyroid disorders associated with pregnancy: etiology, diagnosis and management. Treat Endocrinol 4(1): 31–41.

Lee RH, Spencer CA, Mestman JH et al (2009) Free T4 immunoassays are flawed during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 200(3): 260–66.

Marx H, Amin P, Lazarus JH (2008) Hyperthyroidism and pregnancy. BMJ 336: 663–67.

McElduff A, Morris J (2008) Thyroid function tests and thyroid antibodies in an unselected population of women undergoing first trimester screening for aneuploidy. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 48(5): 478–80.

Mestman JH. Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 18 (2): 267–88.

Moleti M, Pio Lo Presti V, Mattina F et al (2009) Gestational thyroid function abnormalities in conditions of mild iodine deficiency: early screening versus continuous monitoring of maternal thyroid status. Eur J Endocrinol 160(4): 611–17.

Negro R, Schwartz A, Gismondi R et al (2010) Universal screening versus case finding for detection and treatment of thyroid hormonal dysfunction during pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism 95(4): 1699–707.

Negro R, Greco G, Mangieri T et al (2007) The influence of selenium supplementation on postpartum thyroid status in pregnant women with thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies. J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism 92(4): 1263–68.

Negro R, Formoso G, Mangieri T et al (2006) Levothyroxine treatment in euthyroid pregnant women with autoimmune thyroid disease: effects on obstetrical complications. J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism 91(7): 2587–91.

Panesar NS, Li CY, Rogers MS (2001) Reference intervals for thyroid hormones in pregnant Chinese women. Ann Clin Biochem 38(Pt 4): 329–32.

Reid SM, Middleton P, Cossich MC et al (2013) Interventions for clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Issue 5. Art. No.: CD007752. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007752.pub2.

Stagnaro-Green A (2011) Overt hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism during pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol 54(3): 478–87.

Stagnaro-Green A, Abalovich M, Alexander E et al (2011) Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and Postpartum. Thyroid 21(10): 1081–25.

Stricker RT, Echenard M Eberhart R et al (2007) Evaluation of maternal thyroid function during pregnancy: the importance of using gestational age-specific reference intervals. Eur J Endocrinol 157(4): 509–14.

Thangaratinam S, Tan A, Knox E et al (2011) Association between thyroid autoantibodies and miscarriage and preterm birth: meta-analysis of evidence. BMJ 342: d2616-d2616.

Thung SF, Funai EF, Grobman WA (2009) The cost-effectiveness of universal screening in pregnancy for subclinical hypothyroidism. Am J Obstet Gynecol 200(3): 267.e1–e7.

van den Boogaard E, Vissenberg R, Land JA et al (2011) Significance of (sub)clinical thyroid dysfunction and thyroid autoimmunity before conception and in early pregnancy: a systematic review. Human Reprod Update 17(5): 605–19.

10Clinical assessments in late pregnancy

Recommendations are based on the evidence for interventions that aim to reduce the need for induction or unplanned caesarean section. Decisions about management are made after considering the risks and benefits and taking the woman’s preferences into account. When there is a high risk of adverse outcomes, discussion with specialists (eg obstetrician, neonatologist, paediatrician) is advisable.