Computer numerical control machine axes

1.11 Computer numerical control machine axes

The following overview will show some of the more conventional axis designation found on NC machines. The table below shows the relationship between each of the axis designations to be considered.

Linear axis	X	Y	Z
Rotary axis	A	B	C
Secondary linear	U	V	W
Interpolation	I	J	K

1.11.1 Linear axis

Figure 1.13 Horizontal spindle machine centres

X = table feed Y = Knee feed up Z = Cross slide feed

Figure 1.14 Two axis lathe

X = Work diameter Z = Length feed

Figure 1.15 Vertical spindle machining centre

X = Table Y = Cross slide feed Z = Tool feed

Figure 1.16

A technique which will assist you to remember the three axes and which is the positive direction for these axes, is the right hand rule

1.11.2 Rotary axis

Figure 1.17

Where fitted, such features as indexing chucks, rotary tables and rotary tool or work heads are given the following designation. Note the relationship between ‘A’ relates to ‘X’ ‘B’ relates to ‘Y’ ‘C’ relates to ‘Z’

Figure 1.18

Another technique to help you determine which is the positive direction for a rotary axis also uses the right hand. Point your thumb in the positive direction of the main linear axis and the curl in your fingers will be pointing in the direction of the rotary axis.

Figure 1.19 Three axis lathe with indexing chuck

X = work diameter Z = feed length C = indexing

Figure 1.20 Vertical spindle machining centre with two rotary axis features

‘A’ axis is to ‘X’ axis ‘C’ axis is to ‘Z’ axis

1.11.3 Secondary linear axis

Where machines are fitted with linear axis accessories such as tool turrets tailstocks, auxiliary tools slides and steady the axis designation of ’U’ ‘V’ and ‘W’ are assigned. Because these are relative to linear axis they can be considered as:

Figure 1.21 CNC lathe with secondary linear axis

‘U’ axis relates to X ‘V’ axis relates to Y ‘W’ axis relates to Z In figure 1.21 the turret has a secondary slide movement designated ‘W’ which is on the same plane as the Z axis.

Figure 1.22 Multi axis machining centre

‘W’ axis is relative to the Z axis ‘U’ is relative to the X axis

Interpolation axis

Interpolation axis using the designation ‘I’ ‘J’ and ‘K’ are used to establish arc centre off sets when programming for centre and circular geometry. This is covered in section four of this module.

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