Competitiveness k neg 1nc shell
**LINKS** Air Infrastructure
Download 452.61 Kb.
|
- Navigate this page:
- Alternative Energy
**LINKS**Air InfrastructureThe affirmative’s framing of airport investment creates hierarchies of cities based on accessibility Malecki ’04 [EDWARD J. MALECKI Center for Urban and Regional Analysis and Department of Geography, Ohio State University, Jockeying for Position: What It Means and Why It Matters to Regional Development Policy When Places Compete Regional Studies, Vol. 38.9, pp. 1112, December 2004, http://www.paca-online.org/cop/docs/Malecki_-_Competition_among_regions.pdf, online, AZhang] Policy-makers and politicians should ‘replace their place-based way of thinking with a focus on connectivity, performance and flow’, i.e. ‘how they can extend city networks through time and space to attain (and perform) world-cityness’ (Doel and Hubbard, 2002, p. 363). For example, an airport is not enough; also needed are flows of air traffic, meaning airlines and their flights, passengers, and international freight. Airports are an acknowledged aspect of urban ‘foreign policy’. ‘For the last forty years, airports have determined the hierarchy of cities, by determining their accessibility from medium and long distances’. Intermediate cities have developed transversal or non- radial international and interregional connections with other intermediate cities. This has enlarged the action area of business and offered better access to distant markets (Cappellin, 1998, p. 75). Smith and Timberlake’s (2002) analysis suggests that although the air travel network has become more hierarchical, with one pre-eminently dominant city (London), a larger number of cities have become well linked. Alternative EnergyFraming alternative energy as a bolster to economic competitiveness justifies immature policymaking and ignores underlying environmental threats Carley et. al. ’11 [Sanya Carley, Assistant Professor at Indiana University School of Public and Environmental Affairs and Ph.D. UNC at Chapel Hill, Sara Lawrence, RTI International, Adrienne Brown, RTI International, Andrew Nourafshan, MBA/MEM Graduate at Fuqua School of Business, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Elinor Benami, International Studies and Economics double major, B.A. in Economics, “Energy-based economic development ,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 (2011) pp. 285, online, ScienceDirect, AZhang] After this flurry of activity, the focus on energy policy and planning faded as oil costs normalized and, with no perception of an imminent environmental threat, environmental concerns dissipated. This was the prevailing attitude until the mid-1990s, when the international community began to process issues related to climate change, including the potential economic burden associated with both the mitigation of and adaptation to climate change. As the 1990s progressed and a new century began, two additional factors raised the status of energy reform on many policymakers’ agendas: energy fuel price volatility and a growing concern that dependence on foreign fuels was an economic security threat. The coalescence of these three issues—climate change, energy prices, and energy security6—reaffirmed the significant connection, if not reciprocal relationship, between energy development and economic growth.7 With minimal national leadership on energy and climate policy,8 many state and local entities—both governmental and nongovernmental—stepped into leadership roles by initiating efforts to increase diversification of energy sources, increase energy self-sufficiency, or both. Instead of focusing on carbon mitigation policy, many of these energy policy and planning reforms pursued revamped initiatives on economic development grounds [18,19], in pursuit of ‘‘home-grown’’ energy [18] or as a means of diversification of state or regional economies to improve competitiveness. One reason for this approach is that, although alternative energy industries are immature compared with conventional energy industries, they represent opportunities for substantial investment and growth. Thus, many state and local energy strategies are attempts to ‘‘stay ahead of the curve,’’ gain an early market share, and profit from future energy developments. Another explanation, however, is that framing energy reform on economic development grounds makes energy policy inherently less partisan and more politically feasible—rarely do policymakers contend that economic development is an ill-advised objective, but energy for the sake of climate change mitigation or reduced dependence on foreign fossil fuels is not as universally accepted. Furthermore, efforts framed in economic development discourse obviate the need for policymakers and their constituents to agree on which of the many energy or climate change challenges are most threatening; such framing instead provides a platform for energy reform that has the potential to address multiple issues simultaneously, but with the least political tension. Directory: files files -> Answer True False 2 points Question 2 files -> Integer programming and game theory files -> 4 Integer Programming files -> Bpa vehicle Window Repair Scenario #1 task: Procure vehicle window relacement. Objective files -> Pop Warner History files -> North Carolina Inclusion Initiative Mapping Where Children with ieps are Being Served Purpose files -> Fall 2013 Spring 2014 Program Data: Standard 1 Exhibit 4d files -> Hanban – asia society confucius classrooms network 2010 request for proposal files -> Northern England’s set-jetting locations Download 452.61 Kb. Share with your friends:
|