Corbicula an annotated bibliography 1774 2005

Nagaike, T. and T. Inoue. 1978. Purification and chemical properties of the alpha amylase isozymes in the crystalline style from Corbicula japonica. Bulletin of Tokyo Gahugei University (Mathematics and Natural Sciences) 30:215 227. [English]

Nagaike, K., K. Koizumi and T. Inoue. 1973. Purification and properties of alpha amylase isozyme in Corbicula japonica. Zoological Magazine (Tokyo) 82:338.

Nagao, T. 1928. Palaeogene fossils of the Island of Kyushu, Japan. Part 2. Scientific Reports of Tohoku Imperial University, Series 2, 12(2):1 140.

Nagao, T. and K. Otatume. 1943. The fossil corbiculids from the Paleogene Isikari Series in the Insikari Coal field, Hokkaido. Journal of the Faculty of Science of Hokkaido Imperial University, Series 4, 7(1):1 9.

Nakamura, M., M. Yamamuro, M. Ishikawa and H. Nishimura. 1988. Role of the bivalve Corbicula japonica in the nitrogen cycle in a mesohaline lagoon. Marine Biology 99(3):369-374.

The effect of the bivalve Corbicula japonica on the nitrogen cycle in Lake Shinji, a mesohaline brackish lagoon in Japan, was examined quantitatively based on field surveys and laboratory experiments carried out in the summer of 1982 and 1983. The biomass of the flesh of C. japonica comprised 97% of the total biomass of the macrozoobenthos in summer.

Nakamura, Y. and F. Kerciku. 2000. Effects of filter-feeding bivalves on the distribution of water quality and nutrient cycling in a eutrophic coastal lagoon. Journal of Marine Systems 26(2):209-221.

The horizontal variation of water quality was investigated through field surveys in a cross-section of Lake Shinji, the littoral region of which is densely populated by the filter-feeding bivalve, Corbicula japonica. The distributions of chlorophyll a and nutrients (NH₄-N and PO₄ in the lake are greatly affected by the filtration and excretion rates of C. japonica. Minimum values for chlorophyll a and maximum values for nutrients were both found to occur in the littoral region during summer. Chlorophyll a concentration peaked about 1 km from the shoreline, indicating that the presence of the bivalve not only reduces the biomass of phytoplankton in the near shore region through filtration, but also stimulates primary production further offshore by supplying nutrients through excretion. Calculated results of a mathematical model reproduced well the observed horizontal distributions of chlorophyll a and nutrients, indicating that the interaction between the filter-feeding bivalve and phytoplankton populations dominates material cycling and water quality distribution in the lake. Water mass exchange between littoral and pelagic water enables the nutrient exchange between the bivalves in the benthic zone and the phytoplankton in the pelagic zone, thereby forming a benthic-pelagic zone coupling. Other related findings were that seasonal patterns of water quality variations in the north-south cross-section were affected by metabolic rates of C. japonica, and that differences in concentrations between pelagic and littoral regions are largest when water temperature is optimal for bivalve activity.

Nakao, S. 1979. Seasonal and spatial changes in the structure of mixohaline benthic communities. Bulletin of the Faculty of Fisheries of Hokkaido University 30(1):1 13.

Lagoona Zyusanko is a small mixohaline lake situated at the west side of Tsugaru Peninsula in northwestern Aomori Prefecture, Japan. Surveys of the bottom fauna of the lagoon were conducted from August 1974 July 1975. Sixteen species (including Corbicula japonica) of macro benthic animals were collected. Corbicula japonica, Heteromastus similis, and Nemertinea sp. predominated all year. Notomastus latericeus was dominant in the summer and Prionospio japonicus was dominant from fall through spring. Syathura muromiensis commonly occurred in all seasons. Community types and their seasonal and spatial changes were determined by a cluster analysis. There were consequently eight community types in Zyusanko except C. japonica and N. latericeus communities were found between summer and the other seasons, i.e., seasonal and spatial changes at the community level in Zyusanko were clearly controlled by fluctuations in population densities of P. japonicus. Seasonal aspects of communities and correspondence between types and chlorinity of interstitial water were discussed.

Nakao, S. 1982. Community structures of the macro benthos in the shallow waters in northern Japan. Memoirs of the Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University 28(2):225 304.

The distribution and ecology of Corbicula japonica in Lake Zyusanko is discussed with reference to species associations and water chemistry.

Nanami, A., H. Saito, T. Akita, K. Motomatsu and H. Kuwahara. 2005. Spatial distribution and assemblage structure of macrobenthic invertebrates in a brackish lake in relation to environmental variables. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 63(1-2):167-176.

The distribution of organisms relative to their habitat is of central importance to ecology. The nature of this distribution provides an initial insight into the types of ecological processes that regulate populations and assemblages. Estuaries provide diverse habitats in terms of spatial heterogeneity in physical and chemical conditions. The purpose of the present study is to determine the assemblage structure and the spatial distribution of macrobenthic invertebrates in relation to environmental variables in a brackish lake, Lake Hinuma, in Japan. Thirty-seven sites in the lake were selected to cover the entire area of the lake along gradients for water depth, salinity and median grain size of sediment. A total of 23 species and five higher taxa groups were found. In terms of total individuals, Corbicula japonica, Prionospio japonica, Notomustus sp. and Einfeldia sp. were the most abundant species. The results of cluster analysis and canonical correspondence analysis using 14 dominant species revealed that median grain size and salinity have significant effects on the spatial distribution of 11 macrobenthic species. That is, the two species C. japonica and P. japonica were found at sites with larger grain size and higher salinity, the six species Gradidierella japonica, Assiminea lutea japonica, Tylorrhynchus heterochaetus, Cyathura sp., Melita sp. and Potamilla sp. were found at sites with smaller grain size and higher salinity, the one species Einfeldia sp. was found at sites with larger grain size and lower salinity, and the two species Polypedilum sp. and Notomustus sp. were found at sites with smaller grain size and lower salinity. The results demonstrated significant differences in macrobenthic assemblage structures along environmental gradients in a brackish lake.

Narbonne, J. F., J. E. Djomo, D. Ribera, V. Ferrier and P.Garrigues. 1999. Accumulation kinetics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons adsorbed to sediment by the mollusk Corbicula fluminea. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 42(1):1-8.

The accumulation kinetics in the freshwater mollusk Corbicula fluminea were measured for sediment-associated selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), namely, anthracene (Ant), phenanthrene (Phe), pyrene (Pyr), and benzo [a] pyrene (BaP). The desorption from sediment to water was not only related to water solubility, but also depended on structural and physicochemical properties of PAHs (molecular weight, molecular area, octanol/water partition coefficient Kow). Uptake of PAHs by mollusks was very fast in the first 24 h and maximum for low-molecular-weight compounds. Then animal concentrations decreased significantly after the first day for Ant and Phe, after the second day for Pyr, and after the second week for BaP (at this time the BaP concentration was higher than concentrations of the other PAHs). The kinetic data suggest that PAH uptake is related to desorption from sediment particles. Log PAH uptake is inversely related to log Kow. Bioavailability of sediment-sorbed PAHs declined with contact time between sediment and animals. Assimilation from ingested material may be significant for the more strongly sorbed compound (BaP). PAHs with low Kow values become biologically unavailable more rapidly and more efficiently excreted.

Nardi, G. and A. Braccia. 2004. Prima segnalazione di Corbicula fluminea (O.F. Müller, 1774) per il Lago di Garda (provincia di Brescia) (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Corbiculidae). Bollettino Malacologico 39(9/12):181-184.

Narita, T., T. Miura and S. Mori. 1983. Faunal change in Lake Biwa during 1965 and 1980. Pacific Science Congress Proceedings 15(1/2):173 174.

Nascimento, I. A., K. L. Dickson and E. G. Zimmerman. 1996. Heat shock protein response to thermal stress in the Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea. Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health 5(4):231-238.

A recent approach to evaluate environmental induced damages has been suggested, based on the stress response. The approach involves the detection of stress protein induction in organisms to infer about environmental conditions in their surroundings. However, to be an indicator of adverse biological effects in the environment, the elevation of stress proteins should be compared to a response pattern for the experimental species. Juvenile Corbicula fluminea, collection from a control site, were submitted to heat-shock stress in the laboratory to obtain the stress response pattern under normal and extreme conditions. Acclimated to 26^oC, the specimens were submitted to 29, 32, 35 and 38^oC, for 96 h. After 1, 2, 4, 8, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of exposure, clams were removed from each vial and prepared for stress protein analysis. Animals from the control site were frozen in liquid nitrogen at the time of collection, and prepared for stress protein analysis. Hsp60 and 70 were detected by immunoreactivity after separation on 12.5% polyacrylamide gels and transference to nitrocellulose by western blotting, to determine the stress protein concentrations. The result showed that hsp70 increased at 4 h from the beginning of the experiment and progressed over the 96 h experimental period in animals exposed to 35^oC. However hsp70 levels decreased between 4 h and 24 h for the clams stressed at their lethal temperature of 38^oC. Immunoblotting with hsp60 showed similar reactivity. At 38 degree C there was an increase in the amount of hsp60 at 4 h, reaching a maximum eight-fold level at 8 h. By 96 h, the amount decreased to levels lower than those observed at 4 h. At 38^oC the level of hsp60 began to decrease at 8 h and continue to decline to 24 h when the clams died. The data support the hypothesis of increasing concentrations of stress protein until the heat shock approaches the thermal limits for the species. The results of this research suggest the usefulness of using the stress response as a diagnostic in environmental toxicology. They confirm that the sps response may serve as a valid biomonitoring tool under chronic, sublethal exposures when it is still possible to prevent effects at organismal or higher organizational levels.

Naumann, E. 1912. Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Thüringer Diluviums. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschraft 64:299 332.

Naumann, E. and E. Picard. 1908. Weitere Mitteilungen über das diluviale Flussnetz in Thüringen. Jahrbuchen Königlich Presse Geologischen Landesanst für 1908 1:566 588.

Neck, R. W. 1985. Freshwater bivalves of Elmendorf Lake, San Antonio, Bexar Co., Texas. Texas Conchologist 22(1):22 24.

Neck, R. W. 1985. Native freshwater mussels (Unionacea) as fouling agents in electrical generating plants. The Nautilus 99(4):100 101.

The occurrence of native freshwater mussels (Unionidae) as fouling agents in the water supply system of an electrical generating plant is reported. Anodonta grandis, Cyrtonaias berlandieri, and Corbicula fluminea were found to have plugged the water service line of the Sandow Power Plant at Alcoa Lake, 11 km southwest of Rockdale, Milam County, Texas. Other examples of fouling by native bivalves are discussed and compared with C. fluminea.

Neck, R. W. 1986. Freshwater bivalves of Lake Tawakoni, Sabine River, Texas. Texas Journal of Science 38(3):241 249.

Neck, R. W. 1986. Corbicula in public recreation waters of Texas: Habitat spectrum and clam human interactions. IN: Proceedings of the Second International Corbicula Symposium, J. C. Britton, Ed. American Malacological Bulletin Special Edition No. 2. pp. 179 184.

Examination of waterbodies associated with Texas State Parks and other selected recreational areas revealed the presence of Corbicula in 41 of 92 surveyed sites. Absence of Corbicula is related to the presence of salt or brackish waters, extreme winter temperatures, periodic water shortages in small streams and lakes, and undefined ecological or historical factors which have delayed invasion into certain waters. Prime microhabitats for Corbicula in Texas include sandy bottomed streams in eastern Texas, loose gravel bottomed pools in the Texas Hill Country, and moderate energy reservoir lake shores. Construction of recreational facilities may either enhance or reduce the local habitat for Corbicula. No harmful effects of Corbicula upon park facilities were discovered.

Neck, R. W. 1987. Freshwater bivalves of the Baffin Bay drainage basin, southern Texas. Texas Journal of Science 39(2):177 182.

The freshwater bivalve fauna of the streams draining into Baffin Bay in southern Texas consists of six species of unionids (Anodonta imbecilis, Quadrula apiculata speciosa, Uniomerus tetralasmus, Cyrtonaias tampicoensis, Lampsilis teres, and Toxolasma texasensis) and Corbicula fluminea. Although all of the unionids are native to southern Texas, only one species is believed to be native to the drainage basin of Baffin Bay.

Neck, R. W. and A. L. Metcalf. 1984. Freshwater bivalves of the lower Rio Grande system, United States and Mexico. American Malacological Bulletin 2:86. [Abstract]

Corbicula fluminea is reported as one of the most abundant species of bivalves in the lower Rio Grande. It may be locally abundant in faster moving water in the Rio Grande and wave washed shores of Falcon Reservoir.

Neff, S. E., L. A. Krumholz, J. R. Baker, D. E. Jennings and A. C. Miller. 1973. A Detailed Investigation of the Sociological, Economic, and Ecological Aspects of Proposed Reservoir Sites in the Salt River Basin of Kentucky. NTIS No. PB-227 920. [OWRR B-022-KY(1). 14-31-0001-3286]

Samples of water, bottom fauna, and fishes were collected from 66 stations in the Salt River and one of its principal tributaries, the Beech Fork and its tributary the Chaplin River, Kentucky. Precipitation ranged from 38.86 inches (1969) to 58.04 inches (1970), an increase of nearly 50 percent with marked fluctuations in discharge. Intensive comparisons of phosphates, sulfates, specific conductance, total alkalinity, total hardness, and turbidity showed the streams to be relatively clean and healthy. Nearly 300 different kinds of benthic organisms and other macroinvertebrates have been collected and identified from the basin. Detailed studies of caddis flies and stream drift are under way along with the development of computer programs for diversity indices of the various organisms. Twenty-eight species of bivalve mussels and representatives of six genera of snails have been collected including the asiatic clam Corbicula mulleri. Among the vertebrates, 60 species of fishes have been collected and identified along with 22 amphibians and 21 reptiles. Nearly 150 species of birds have been identified in the area. an economic study of Spencer County revealed that there has been a decrease in the human population along with a general decline in the overall economic picture of the county as indicated by a retarded rate of growth in annual per capita income and a decline in total retail sales within the county over the past decade. The highway system in the county consists largely of class 4,5, and 6 roads which, because of the topography, are generally narrow, crooked, and hilly.

Neitzel, D. A., K. I. Johnson, T. L. Page, J. S. Young and P. M. Daling. 1984. Bivalve Fouling of Nuclear Power Plant Service Water Systems. U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission NUREG/CR 4070, PNL 5300, Vol. I. 199 pp + appendix.

Fouling of raw water systems in nuclear power plants in the United States can affect the safe operation of a power plant. This report describes correlations between the biology of bivalve organisms and the design and operation of power plants that allow bivalves to enter and reside in nuclear power plants. Discussions are focused on safety related raw water systems subject to fouling by Corbicula fluminea, Mytilus edulis, and Crassostrea virginica. Score sheet to rate fouling potential of power plant systems and components are provided.

Neitzel, D. A., K. I. Johnson, T. L. Page, J. S. Young and P. M. Daling. 1984. Bivalve Fouling of Nuclear Power Plant Service Water Systems. U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission NUREG/CR 4070, PNL 5300, Vol. II.

Nelson, S. M. and C. McNabb. 1994. New record of Asiatic clam in Colorado. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 9(1):79.

The Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea Müller) was found in Arapahoe County, Colorado. This is the first record of this exotic clam from the state of Colorado.

Nesterovitch, A. I. 2003. Population dynamics, growth, and reporduction of the invasive clam, Corbicula fluminea (Mollusca: bivalvia) in East Texas. Master of Science Thesis, Stephen F. Austin State University. viii+145 pp.

Neuville, H. and R. Anthony. 1905. Première liste de mollusques d'Abyssinie. Bulletin du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 1 série, 11(2):115 117.

Neuville, H. and R. Anthony. 1906. Liste pr'eliminaire de mollusques des lacs Rodolphe, Stéphanie et Marguerite. Bulletin du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 1 série, 12(6):407 410.

Neuville, H. and R. Anthony. 1906. Apercu sue la faune malacologique des lacs Rodolphe, Stéphanie et Marguerite. Comptes Rendus Académie Sciences Paris 2 Juillet.

Neuville, H. and R. Anthony. 1906. Contributions `a l'étude de la faune malacologique des lacs Rodolphe, Stéphanie et Marguerite (Matériaux de la collection Maurice de Rothschild). Bulletin Société Philomathique, Paris, 9th Séies 8:275 300.

Neuville, H. and R. Anthony. 1908. Recherches sur les Mollusques d'Abyssinie. Annales du Sciences Naturelle; Zoologie 9th Series 8:241 341.

Neves, R. J. 1987. Recent die offs of freshwater mussels in the United States: an overview. IN: Proceedings of the Workshop on Die Offs of Freshwater Mussels in the United States, R. J. Neves, Ed. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee, and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Blacksburg). pp. 7 18.

Major die offs of freshwater mussels (Unionidae) have been reported since the late 1970's by agency biologists and commercial clammers in several rivers of the eastern United States. The die off events have occurred more often than in earlier years and become of considerable national concern to natural resource agencies and the commercial shell industry. Information on mussel mortalities was solicited and summarized for 13 rivers and 4 lakes in eastern North America. Although the likely causes of only a few of the die offs are known, other factors such as disease, parasites, contaminants, or Corbicula fluminea may be implicated. Information on these likely factors, as they relate to freshwater mussels, is presented from the published literature. A coordinated research effort is needed to identify the causative agents and to determine what, if anything, can be done to alleviate the problem.

Neves, R. J. and J. C. Widlak. 1987. Habitat ecology of the juvenile freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae) in a headwater stream in Virginia. American Malacological Bulletin 5(1):1 7.

The occurrence and distribution of juvenile freshwater mussels (ages 0 3 yrs) were assessed at a site on Big Moccasin Creek, southern Virginia, between January 1983 and March 1984. Corbicula fluminea was not found at this site.

Neves, R. J. and J. D. Williams. 1994. Status of the freshwater mussel fauna in the United States. Journal of Shellfish Research 13(1):345-346.

A comprehensive review of the conservation status of the 297 species and subspecies of native freshwater mussels in the U.S. was completed to assess present and future trends for the fauna. Distributional data, historic and recent collection records of biologists, and literature reviews provided sufficient information to categorize the status of each species. Twenty-one taxa (7%) are listed as endangered but presumed extinct; 77 (21%) are endangered but extant; 43 (14%) are threatened; 72 (24%) are of special concern, 14 (5%) are of undetermined status; and only 70 (24%) are considered stable at this time. The primary reasons for the decline of freshwater mussels are habitat destruction from dams, channel modification, siltation, contaminants, and the introduction of exotic mollusks. Construction of dams within the Tennessee River system by the Tennessee Valley Authority, and dams and navigation projects in large rivers by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers created impoundments and tailwaters that were unsuitable for many indigenous species. Nonpoint source pollution from agriculture and urban runoff, and point source discharges have contributed pollutants and contaminants to degrade water quality. Competition from non-native mollusks such as the Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea) has seemingly affected some mussel populations in streams, and the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) appears poised to decimate commercially important mussel populations occurring in large rivers. The high numbers of imperiled freshwater mussels in the U.S., which harbors the most diverse mussel faunal globally, indicate an impending extinction crisis that will severely reduce an important component of aquatic biodiversity. The harvest and export of mussel shells for the cultured pearl industry in Asia will be affected by the decline in mussel populations in the U.S.

Nevill, G. 1877. List of the Mollusca brought back by J. Anderson from Yunnan and Upper Burmah. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 46(2):14 41.

Corbicula yunnanensis sp. nov. is described (pp. 40) from Manwyne, Yunnan. Corbicula andersoniiana sp. nov. is described (p. 41) from Momein, Yunnan. Corbicula lamarckiana is also reported from Yunnan, Madalay, and in the Kuchai, Manipur.

Nevill, G. 1878. Mollusca. IN: Anatomical and Zoological Researches during the Yunnan Expedition, J. Anderson, Ed. pp 873 903.

Newton, R. B. 1915. On some molluscan remains from the Opal Deposits (upper Cretaceous) of New South Wales. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 11:217 235.

Nguyen, L. T. H. and N. De Pauw. 2002. The invasive Corbicula species (Bivalvia, Corbiculidae) and the sediment quality in Flanders, Belgium. Belgian Journal of Zoology 132(1):41-48.

Nichols, B. L. and R. B. Domermuth. 1981. Appearance of the Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea, in the Susquehanna River. Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science 55:181 182.

Corbicula fluminea is reported in the lower Susquehanna River near Conowingo Dam. Size frequency distributions and densities are reported.

Nichols, S. J. and M. G. Black. 1994. Identification of larvae: The zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha), quagga mussel (Dreissena rosteriformis bugensis), and Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea). Canadian Journal of Zoology/Revue Canadienne de Zoologie 72(3):406-417.

There are presently four freshwater bivalves in the United States that produce larvae or veligers commonly found in the water column: two forms of Asian clams and two species of dreissenids. Portions of the geographic range of three of these bivalves, one species of Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea), zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha), and quagga mussels (Dreissena rosteriformis bugensis), overlap, causing problems with larval identification. To determine which characteristics can be used to separate larval forms, adult Asian clams, quaggas, and zebra mussels were brought into the laboratory and induced to spawn, and the resulting larvae were reared. Hybrids between quaggas and zebra mussels were also produced, but not reared to maturity. Characteristics allowing for the most rapid and accurate separation of larvae were hinge length, shell length/height, shell shape, shell size, and the presence or absence of a foot and velum. These characteristics were observed in laboratory-reared larvae of known parentage and field-caught larvae of unknown parentage. In most cases, larvae of the Asian clam can be readily separated from those produced by either type of dreissenid on the basis of shell size and presence of a foot. Separating the gametes and embryos of the two types of dreissenids is not possible, but after shell formation, most of the larval stages can be distinguished. Hinge length, shell length/height, and the similarity in size of the shell valves can be used to separate straight-hinged, umbonal, pediveliger, and plantigrade larvae. Quagga x zebra mussel hybrids show characteristics of both parents and are difficult to identify.

Nie, X., T. Wei and C. Lan. 2004. The distribution, accumulation and transfer dynamics of PCB₁₂₅₄ in a simulated micro-cosmos system. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica/Shuisheng Shengwu Xuebao 28(5):478-483. [Chinese with English summary]

The distribution, accumulation and transfer dynamics of PCB₁₂₅₄ in water, sediments and biota in a simulated micro-cosmos system were studied. The results showed that PCB₁₂₅₄ released into water body were mainly absorbed upon the surface of suspending particles or precipitated into the sediments due to its high octanol-water partition coefficients (Kow), the concentration of PCBs dissolved in water was very low. The increase of organic material content in water would lead to transfer of PCB₁₂₅₄ from sediments to water column. The distribution and equilibrium of PCB₁₂₅₄ between the water column and sediments phase were related to the organic materials contents such as excrement of fish and shellfish, remnants of life. The extent to which PCBs enter biota is highly dependent on the physical and chemical properties of the compounds and the metabolism capacity of organisms. There were differences in the distribution, accumulation and transfer dynamics of PCB₁₂₅₄ for different organisms: Echinodorus amazonicus adsorbed the PCB₁₂₅₄ mainly by its leaf instead of its roots with a way of physical absorption to some extents and very quickly reached to the equilibrium; Corbicula flueminea had obviously the accumulation of PCB₁₂₅₄, especially in visceral tissue, increasing continually during the 45-day experiment. For Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, the significant differences of PCB₁₂₅₄ accumulation existed between gill, visceral and muscle tissues. It is higher in visceral and muscle than in gill, indicating that the accumulation of PCB₁₂₅₄ was closely related to the content of lipids in different tissues. It is the highest in BCFs (Bioconcentration Factors) of PCB₁₂₅₄ in the visceral tissues of Corbicula fluminea, in which BCFs was about 89418 times, followed by Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, lowest for Echinodorus amazonicus with BCFs (7648.9 times).

Nishibori, K., S. Kanamitsu and K. Okamota. 1972. Flavor of boiled short necked clam (Tapes amygdala philipparum) and Corbicula japonica. Journal of Home Economics 23:27 31. [Japanese]

Nishimura, T. and T. Habe. 1985. Notes on two freshwater clams imported from China. Chiribotan 16(2):62 63. [Japanese]

The importation of Corbicula fluminea into Japanese waters from China is discussed.

Nomura, S. 1933. Catalogue of the Tertiary and Quartery (sic) Mollusca from the Island of Taiwan (Formosa) in the Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Tohoku Imperial University, Sendai, Japan. Part I. Pelecypoda. Scientific Reports of Tohoku Imperial University, Geology 16(1):1 108.

Corbicula takasago sp. nov. is described (p. 69) and figured (Pl. 2, figs. 1a, b, 2a, b) from the Pliocene Byoritsu beds, Wangwa, Koryu sho, Chikunan gun, Shinchiku, Taiwan. Tertiary and Quaternary pelecypods are listed from six horizons (a total of 183 species) and over 70 localities. Descriptions, synonymies, and distribution data are also provided.

Nomura, T., I. Yamamoto, F. Morishita, Y. Furukawa and O. Matsushima. 2001. Purification and some properties of alanine racemase from a bivalve mollusc Corbicula japonica. Journal of Experimental Zoology 289(1):1-9.

A brackish-water mollusc, Corbicula japonica, uses large quantities of D- and L-alanine as intracellular osmotically active solutes, osmolytes, for regulation of intracellular osmolarity. We purified alanine racemase from the mantle of C. japonica to characterize its enzymological properties. The molecular masses of the enzyme were estimated to be 41 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and 140 kDa by gel filtration on high-performance liquid chromatography, suggesting the trimeric or tetrameric nature of the enzyme. Neither dialysis nor chromatographic procedures in the absence of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate led to loss of enzyme activity, although carbonyl reagents, hydroxylamine and phenylhydrazine, inhibited the activity. These results suggest that alanine racemase of the animal may bind pyridoxal 5'-phosphate tightly as a cofactor. Kinetic experiments using the partially purified enzyme revealed that alanine was the sole substrate among 17 kinds of L-amino acids tested. The Lineweaver-Burk plot for L-alanine as substrate resulted in Km value of 22.6 mM, and the value for D-alanine was 9.2 mM. Together with the previous evidence that D- and L-alanine levels of this animal change with the external salinity maintaining the D-/L-alanine ratio at unity, the present results seem to indicate that the physiological role of alanine racemase in this animal is to supply D-alanine as a main intracellular osmolyte.