Corbicula an annotated bibliography 1774 2005

Sphon, G. G. l973. Molluscan invaders. Terra (Los Angeles) ll(4):28 31.

Spon, S. T. 1994. The response of aquatic insect communities and caged In situ Asiatic clams (Corbicula fluminea) to dechlorinated municipal effluent in the Trinity River in North Texas. Master of Science Thesis, University of North Texas. xvi+192 pp.

Spon, S. T., S. H. Cairns, K. L. Dickson, J. H. Kennedy and W. T. Waller. 1992. Response of aquatic macroinvertebrate communities and juvenile asiatic clams (Corbicula fluminea) exposed in situ to dechlorinated municipal wastewater effluent discharged into the Trinity River in North Texas. 13th Annual Meeting Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Cincinnati, Ohio, 8-12 November. Abstracts.

In 1990-91, the major wastewater treatment plants discharging to the Trinity River in North Central Texas were required to dechlorinated their effluents. Pre-and post-dechlorination field surveys conducted on stations above and below the discharge included macroinvertebrate artificial substrate samplers and the in situ exposure of caged juvenile Corbicula fluminea. Macroinvertebrate artificial substrate samplers were exposed for approximately 28 days as were caged Corbicula fluminea. Macroinvertebrate abundance and diversity and Corbicula fluminea survival and growth were compared with results from ambient toxicity tests on Pimephales promelas and Ceriodaphnia dubia. Field survey results showed recovery trends in the river for a two year period following dechlorination.

Stabalino Rodrigues, M. H. and E. L. Gaeta Espíndola. 2003. Limnologia, análise da comunidade de macroinvertebrados bentônicos e bioensaios de toxicidade para avaliação ambiental dos reservatórios em cascata do médio e baixo rio Tietê (SP). Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation, Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos, Departamento de Hidráulica e Saneamento (Sao Carlos, SP - Brasil). 205 pp. [Portuguese].

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido nos reservatórios, em cascata, que fazem parte do Médio e Baixo Rio Tietê, incluindo os tributários, os Rios Tietê, Piracicaba e Bauru. Foram considerados os pontos de coleta, localizados à montante, jusante, bem como os pontos intermediários dos reservatórios estudados. Considerando-se os períodos referentes a outubro de 1999 fevereiro, maio e julho de 2000, as pesquisas nestes locais abordaram a qualidade ambiental dos reservatórios, com características limnológicas (água, sedimento), a fauna de macroinvertebrados bentônicos, além de testes ecotoxicológicos (Chironomus xanthus). As análises dos sedimentos permitiram evidenciar as frações de silte e argila, o elevado teor de matéria orgânica nos reservatórios situados no início da cascata, além do nitrogênio e fósforo e metais potencialmente biodisponíveis. Elevadas concentrações de nutrientes nitrogenados e fosfatados, material em suspensão (orgânico e inorgânico) e clorofila-a, foram observadas nas amostras de água, o que permitiu classificar os reservatórios como eutróficos, mesotróficos e oligotróficos, de acordo com sua posição no sistema bem como do período amostrado. As concentrações de alguns dos metais encontrados na água estiveram acima do permitido pela Resolução CONAMA (20/96), considerando-se os períodos em estudo. Quanto às relações bióticas, foram obtidas através do índice de Diversidade (H'), da equitabilidade, a qual foi. (Continuação) Entre os Tubificidae, a espécie Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, Branchiura sowerbyi e Limnodrilus udekemianus ocorreram em considerável dominância numérica no período de estudo. A Família Chironomidae, foi representada pelos gêneros Goeldichiromus e Coelotanypus e o grupo Mollusca pelo gênero, Haylacostoma e espécie Melanoides tuberculatus (Thiaridae), Corbicula fluminea (Corbiculidae), o gênero Biomphalaria (Planorbidae) e o gênero Lymnaea collumela, (Lymnaiidae). Quanto à Família Naididade foi representada pelas espécies (Prístina americana, Dero nívea, Dero digitata e Allonais chelata), pela família Alluroididae (Brinkhurstia americanus) e pela Família Opistocystidae (Opistocysta funiculus). Os testes de toxicidade com Chironomus xanthus confirmaram os resultados obtidos através das análises físicas e químicas, conferindo características de impactados aos reservatórios situados no início da cascata (Barra Bonita, Bariri e Ibitinga) e aos tributários (Tietê, Piracicaba e Bauru) moderadamente poluídos aos reservatórios intermediários (reservatório de Nova Avanhandava e Promissão) e, com ausência de poluição, o Reservatório de Três Irmãos, situado no final da cascata. Os resultados decorrem dos usos e ocupação do solo, atividades antropogênicas na Bacia Hidrográfica, do aporte de materiais para o sistema na qual se inserem os rios e os reservatórios estudados.

St. John, O. l878. Report on the geology of the Wind River district. U.S. Geologic and Geographic Survey of the Territories (Hayden Survey), l2th Annual Report, Part l. pp. l75 269.

Stansbery, D. H. and M. A. Hoggarth. l984. The distribution of Unionidae in the Calcasieu River in southwestern Louisiana (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionoida). American Malacological Bulletin 2:86. [Atstract]

A series of eleven study sites on the main stem of the Calcasieu River revealed a fauna of twenty two species of unionids, two specimens of Sphaerium and one species of Corbicula distributed over the nine uppermost stations. The lower two sites yielded six species of marine or estuarine bivalves and no freshwater species.

Stanton, T. W. 1892. The stratigraphic position of the Bear River formation. American Journal of Science, 3rd Series, 43:98 ll5.

Stanton, T. W. 1893. The Colorado formation and its invertebrate fossils. U. S. Geological Survey, Bulletin 106. l 288.

Stanton, T. W. 1909. The age and stratigraphic relations of the "Ceratops beds" of Wyoming and Montana. Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Science 11:239 293.

Stanton, T. W. 1910. Fox Hills sandstone and Lance Formation ("Ceratops Beds") in South Dakota, North Dakota and eastern Wyoming. American Journal of Science, 4th Series, 30:l72 l88.

Stanton, T. W. 1914. Boundray between Cretaceous and Tertiary in North America as indicated by stratigraphy and invertebrate faunas. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 25:341 354.

Stanton, T. W. 1916. Non marine Cretaceous invertebrates of the San Juan Basin. U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 98 R:309 326.

Stanton, T. W. 1920. The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 128 A:1 60.

Stanton, T. W. 1922. Some problems connected with the Dakota sandstone. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 33:255 272.

Stanton, T. W. and J. B. Hatcher. 1905. Geology and paleontology of the Judith River beds. U. S. Geological Survey, Bulletin 257. 1 174.

Stanton, T. W. and F. H. Knowlton. l897. Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Laramie and related formations in Wyoming. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 8:127 156.

Starnes, L. G. and W. B. Starnes. 1980. Discovery of a new population of Pegias fabula (Unionidae). The Nautilus 94(1):5 6.

Starobogatov, Ya. I. 1970. Fauna Molluskov i Zoogeograficheskoe Raionirovanie Kontinentalanak Vodoemov Zemnogo Mara. Akademiya Nauk C.C.C.P., Zoolocheskii Institut (Leningrad). 371 pp.

Stein, C. B. 1962. An extension of the known range of the Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea (Müller) in the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. Ohio Journal of Science 62(6):326 327.

Specimens of Corbicula fluminea was collected on the gravel shore of the Ohio River below the ferry landing at Ghent, Carroll County, Kentucky in l96l and l962. Other specimens were found at Tacoma Park Beach at Dayton, Carroll County, Kentucky. Specimens from the Mississippi River were collected at an unknown locality in l96l.

Stein, C. B. and M. J. Imlay. 1976. Current trends in malacology: environmental impact studies and endangered species research. Bulletin of the American Malacological Union 1976:62 67.

A number of studies of Corbicula sp. have suggested that this bivalve invades disturbed habitats more readily than unmodified natural streams. It has been hypothesized that maintenance and restoration of natural conditions may be one of the most effective defenses against domination of the benthos by this exotic bivalve.

Stephenson, J. M., J. D. Csekitz, J. H. Kennedy and W. T. Waller. Macroinvertebrate community structure and Corbicula fluminea growth as bioindicators of watershed health in the upper Trinity River basin, North Central Texas. 48^th Annual NABS Meeting, Colorado, 28 May-1 June.

Stephenson, L. W. 1946. Fulpia, a new Upper Cretaceous bivalve mollusk from Texas and Maryland. Journal of Paleontology 20(1):68 71.

Stepien, C. A., A. N. Hubers and J. L. Skidmore. 1999. Diagnostic genetic markers and evolutionary relationships among invasive dreissenoid and corbiculoid bivalves in North America: phylogenetic signal from mitochondrial 16S rDNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 13(1):31-49.

Diagnostic genetic markers from 486 aligned nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA were developed for the four closely related species of dreissenoid and corbiculoid bivalves that have invaded North America; the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha, the quagga mussel D. bugensis, and the dark false mussel Mytilopsis leucophaeata of the superfamily Dreissenoidea, and the Asian clam Corbicula fluminea of the sister superfamily Corbiculoidea. Evolutionary relationships were examined among the four genera and comparisons were made with native Eurasian populations of D. polymorpha and D. bugensis. Tests were conducted for gender-specific mitochondrial lineages, which occur in some other bivalves. Genetic variability and divergence rates were tested between stem (paired) and loop (unpaired) regions of secondary structure. There were 251 variable nucleotide sites, of which 99 were phylogenetically informative. Overall transition to transversion ratio was 0.76:1.00 and both accumulated linearly in stem and loop regions, suggesting appropriate phylogenetic signal. Genetic distance calibration with the fossil record estimated the pairwise sequence divergence as 0. 0057 ± 0.0004 per million years. Mytilopsis and Dreissena appear to have diverged about 20.7 ± 2.7 million years ago. D. bugensis and D. polymorpha appear separated by about 13.2 ± 2.2 million years. No intraspecific variation was found, including between Eurasian and North American populations, among shallow and deep morphotypes of D. bugensis and between the sexes. Restriction endonuclease markers were developed to distinguish among the species at all life history stages, allowing rapid identification in areas of sympatric distribution.

Stepien, C. A., B. Morton, K. A. Dabrowska, R. A. Guarnera, T. Radja and B. Radja. 2001. Genetic diversity and evolutionary relationships of the troglodytic 'living fossil' Congeria kusceri (Bivalvia: Dreissenidae). Molecular Ecology 10(8):1873-1879.

Population genetic theory predicts that long-term isolation of 'living fossils' in relic habitats might reduce genetic variability due to small population sizes and inbreeding. The recent description of a troglodytic 'living fossil' Congeria kusceri - the only known subterranean bivalve mollusc - from a genus thought to be extinct since the Miocene, offers a unique opportunity to examine this hypothesis. Here, we use DNA sequences from two mitochondrial genes to compare levels of genetic variability and to test phylogenetic relationships of C. kusceri with surface-dwelling dreissenid relatives. Phylogenetic analyses of sequences from the cytochrome oxidase 1 (COI) and 16S rDNA genes reveal that Mytilopsis is the sister genus to Congeria and this clade forms the sister taxon to Dreissena. Relatively high levels of DNA diversity characterized the population of C. kusceri (haplotypic diversity = 0. 50 for 16S rDNA and 0. 66 in the COI gene), in contrast to no intraspecific variability in populations of Dreissena polymorpha, D. bugensis, Mytilopsis leucophaeta, and Corbicula fluminea. Maintenance of genetic variability in C. kusceri may result from long-term population size stability, which merits further investigation. This underground species apparently was buffered from the climatic changes and resultant population bottlenecks that affected its surface-dwelling relatives during the Pliocene and Pleistocene Ice Ages.

Steusloff, U. 1933. Grundzuge der molluskenfauna diluvialer Ablangerungen im Ruhr Emscher Lippe Gebite. Archiv für Molluskenkunde 65(6):233 244.

Steusloff, U. 1943. Die gegenwartige Verbreitung von Corbicula fluminalis Müller. Geshiebeforsch 19(1):66 68.

Stevesz, M. J. S., R. W. Binkley, T. E. Hionidou, S. F. Schwelgien, P. L. McCall and J. G. Carter. 1994. Identification of monosaccharides in hydrolyzed bivalve shell insoluble matrix. The Veliger 37(4):410-413.

This study provides the first survey be gas chromatography mass spectrometry of the hydrolyzed insoluble organic matrices of the following bivalve species: Corbicula fluminea (Müller), Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas), Geukensia demissa (Dillwyn), and Mercenaria mercenaria (Linnaeus). This study is important because it provides new information on a little known aspect of mollusk insoluble matrix, namely its monosaccharide composition. Six monosaccharides were identified in the form of silylated derivatives. These are altrose, fucose, galactose, glucose, mannose, and xylose. All six sugars were detected in each species in similar relative concentrations. In addition, the amino sugar galactosamine was detected in M. mercenaria. The monosaccharide compositions of these bivalve matrices are not only similar to each other but also are similar to results previously reported for Nautilus pompilius Linnaeus. The resemblance in both matrix monosaccharide identity and relative abundance of all five species suggests a possible general similarity in monosaccharide composition for mollusk insoluble matrix. While the role of these monosaccharides in the matrix is not fully determined, it is possible that some of them are constituents of glycoproteins.

Stewart, R. B. 1930. Gabb's California Cretaceous and Tertiary type lamellibranchs. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Special Publication No. 3:1 314.

Corbicula gabbiana Henderson, 1920 is reported from the Miocene of Kilker's Pass, California. The systematics of the species is discussed and the referral of the species to the genus Corbicula is questioned.

Stewart, T. W., T. L. Shumaker and T. A. Radzio. 2003. Linear and nonlinear effects of habitat structure on composition and abundance in the macroinvertebrate community of a large river. American Midland Naturalist 149(2):293-305.

Experiment and regression analyses were used to quantify effects of spatial variation in habitat structure abundance on a riverine macroinvertebrate community under winter conditions. Concrete slabs (0.21 m²; n = 24) with different numbers of stones (mean individual stone surface area = 6.44 cm²) attached to upper faces were placed in the James River and retrieved after 28 d. Macroinvertebrate abundance and taxonomic richness on slabs were significantly positively related to stone abundance. Total macroinvertebrate abundance and abundance of oligochaetes (Nais spp.), Asiatic clams (Corbicula fluminea), caddisflies (Leptoceridae), riffle beetles (Elmidae) and stoneflies (Strophopteryx sp.) were linearly related to stone abundance. However, nonlinear relationships occurred between stone abundance and macroinvertebrate taxonomic richness and between stone abundance and abundance of dragonflies (Erpetogomphus sp.), caddisflies (Hydropsychidae), chironomids (Eukiefferiella spp.), mayflies (Ephemerellidae) and stoneflies (Taeniopteryx sp.). Nonlinear relationships were usually characterized by dramatic increases in macroinvertebrate abundance and taxonomic richness across a gradient of increasing stone abundance when abundance was low (0-43 stones/0.08 m² slab face; 0-40% of slab face covered by stones), but weak responses to additional stones at higher stone abundance (84-160 stones/0.08 m2; 89-96% cover). These nonlinear relationships reflected similar nonlinear relationships between abundance of stones and particulate matter. Conclusions are that small quantities of habitat structure have significant positive effects on macroinvertebrate abundance and diversity in the James River during winter. At a local scale, habitat structure promotes macroinvertebrate colonization and retention by increasing habitat diversity. Stones and similar physical objects also indirectly benefit macroinvertebrates by trapping particulate matter that provides animals with food and additional habitat.

Stites, D. L. 1987. Secondary Production and Productivity in the Sediments of Blackwater rivers. Ph.D. Dissertation, Emory University (Atlanta, Georgia). [see also Dissertation Abstracts International, Part B. 47(11).

Macroinvertebrate production dynamics in the sediment habitat were studied in two blackwater streams in the lower coastal plain of Georgia. A year long sampling program at nine sites in each stream, the Ogeechee River (OR) and Black Creek (BC), a fourth order tributary of OR, provided taxon specific monthly estimates of density and standing stock biomass. Dipteran standing stock dry mass (DM) estimates from the two streams were similar (0.19 gm/m² OR, 0.5 g/ m² BC). Corbicula fluminea, present only in OR, increased total standing stocks in that river to 4.2 g/m m² DM, a very high standing stock estimate for sand benthos.

Stites, D. L., A. C. Benke and D. M. Gillespie. 1995. Population dynamics, growth, and production of the Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea, in a blackwater river. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences/Journal Canadien des Sciences Halieutiques et Aquatiques 52(2):425-437.

In a sixth-order blackwater river (Lower Coastal Plain of Georgia, USA), the average life span of Corbicula fluminea (Müller) was 3-4 years, with shell length reaching only 18-20 mm by the third year. Mean density was usually <200/m² over a 43-month period, but >1000/m² in population centers. Mean biomass (dry mass of soft tissue) was consistently 1-5 g/m², but averaged 11 g/m² in population centers. Biomass growth rates of clams reared in situ were highest in late spring and were inversely related to clam mass. Production ranged from 0.18 g /m²/year at a main-channel site to 3.2 in a backwater and averaged 1.2-1.7 for 2 consecutive years. In population centers, production reached 9-23 g/m²/year. Production was highest in spring and fell to zero in winter when growth ceased. Annual production/biomass values were about 4-8 for first-year individuals, but ranged from 0.51 to 1.78 overall. Individual size, growth rates, and production all indicated that this blackwater river was a stressful environment for Corbicula, probably due to low alkalinity (<30 mg/L as CaCO₃). Unlike its effect in many other systems, the clam appears to play a minor role in the trophic dynamics of this river.

Stone, R. W., and W. R. Calvert. 1910. Stratigraphic relations of the Livingston formation of Montana. Economic Geology 5:652 669.

Stotts, V. C., K. D'Loughy and D. B. Stotts. 1977. Waterfowl Habitat. Maryland Department of Natural Resources Wildlife Administration Report 77 2. 6 pp.

Single, live Corbicula manilensis (Philippi) have been found twice on surveys of vegetation on Susquehanna Flats at head of Chesapeake Bay. The first was found on August 28, l975 in l.8 m in firm silty sand about 3,400 m northeast of Fishing Battery. The second was found ll October l976 in 0.9 m depths in firm silty sand about 3,000 m southeast of Perry Point Veterans Hospital. Observations of this alien clam indicate that it may have entered the head of Chesapeake Bay from the Susquehanna River. There is no evidence yet from aerial surveys of waterfowl populations that this clam is a benefit or detriment as food to ducks, geese or swan.

Strauss, S. 1982. Good news: Corbicula fluminea is being brought under control. Power Magazine, July 1982:61 63.

A popular account of the paper by Smithson (1981) that also describes a French system of advanced design to exclude fouling bivalves from entering cooling units.

Strayer, D. L. 1999. Effects of alien species on freshwater mollusks in North America. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 18(1):74-98.

Alien species (those carried outside their original ranges by human activities) have strongly affected the distribution and abundance of mollusks in many North American fresh waters. The best known of these aliens in North America is the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha), which has nearly extirpated native unionid clams from infested lakes and rivers by fouling their shells and outcompeting them for food. Zebra mussels also have reduced populations of native sphaeriid clams, and both increased and reduced populations of snails. The effects of the other well-known alien bivalve in North America, Corbicula fluminea, are surprisingly poorly known. Corbicula probably caused some populations of native bivalves to decline, but other native populations seem to coexist with Corbicula. Several plausible mechanisms of interaction between Corbicula and the native biota have been proposed, but not demonstrated. Other aliens, including the recently arrived snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum, probably compete strongly with native freshwater mollusks under some circumstances. Several alien species, such as round goby and some sunfishes and crayfishes introduced outside their native ranges in North America, are effective predators on native mollusks and have strong effects on their distribution and abundance. Other aliens (particularly aquatic plants) affect mollusks by altering the food base or the physicochemical environment. Alien species can affect water quality, cycling of contaminants, and performance of biological indices of water quality. Because of ineffective control of aliens in North America, they may be an increasingly important factor in molluscan distribution as new species arrive from other continents and established species spread throughout the continent.

Streever, W. J. 1992. First record of Corbicula clams within flooded cave system. Florida Scientist 55(1):35-36.

The Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea, was observed in 4 fully-flooded cave systems along the Suwannee River drainage, with densities of 2820 individuals per m² measured in one of the caves. This is the first record of corbiculid clams occurring within flooded caves.

Streever, W. J. 1992. Report of a cave fauna kill at Peacock Springs cave system, Suwannee County, Florida. Florida Scientist 55(2):125-128.

A cave fauna kill was observed within the aquatic cave system at Peacock Springs, Suwannee County, Florida following inundation by flood waters of the Suwannee River early in 1991. Populations of the pallid cave crayfish (Procambarus pallidus), the yellow bullhead (Ictalurus natalis), the American eel (Anguilla rostrata), and the Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) were affected. Following the kill, an oligochaete worm, family Tubificidae, colonized the cave with a mean density of 744 individuals per m².

Stringfellow, R. C. 1997. A descriptive survey of freshwater Unionidae bivalves in five creeks located in west central Georgia. Master of Science Environmental Science Thesis, Columbus State University. ix + 77 pp.

Strougo, A. and M. M. Azab. 1982. Middle Eocene Mollusca from the basal beds of Gebel Qavara (Upper Egypt), with remarks on the depositional environment of these beds. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Palaeontologie Monatschefte 1982(1l):667 678. [English with German and French summaries]

Corbicula secunda sp. nov. is described (p. 672) and figured (text) from the middle Eocene of Egypt.

Sturany, R. 1894. Ueber die Molluskenfauna Centralafrikas. IN: Durch Massaïland und Nilquelle, E. Baumann, Ed. (Berlin). pp. 297 322.

Sturany, R. 1900. W. A. Obrutschew's Mollusken Ausbeute aus Hochasien. Denkschriften der Academie Wein 70:17 48.

Su, B. and O. Li. 1984. Liyong daxing diqi wujizhui dongwu pingjia guangdong Beijiang shuizhi de yanjiu [Water quality assessment of the Beijiang River by using benthic macroinvertebrates.] 3rd Chinese Oceanological and Limnological Science Conference, Qingdao, China, 4 July. Abstracts [Chinese with english summary]

Studies on benthic macroinvertebrates of the Beijiang River (Guangdong Province, China) were carried out in 1981-1982. It was found that the community of benthic macroinvertebrates was mainly composed of Mollusca, oligochaetes and aquatic insects. Among them Corbicula fluminea (Mollusca) and Chironomus (Insecta) were especially abundant. The data collected from 7 sampling stations set in the river were used for calculating the Trent biotic index, Chandler's score system and Shannon-Weaver diversity index. Based on the biological assessment of water quality, the Beijiang River is considered as being, on the whole, lightly polluted.

Suffern, J. S. and M. Olszewski. 1978. Analysis of Economic and Biological Factors of Waste Heat Aquaculture. Oak Ridge National Laboratory. U.S. Department of Energy CONF 781213 8. 25 pp.

Sugita, M., T. Inoue, O. Itasaka, and T. Hori. 1984. The localization of 4 0 methyl glucuronic acid containing glyco sphingo lipid on the cell surface of bivalve spermatozoa by use of immunological method. Journal of Biochemistry (Tokyo) 95(3):737 742.

Specific and high titer antisera against 4 O methylglucuronic acid containing glycosphingolipid (Lipid IV) from spermatozoa of the freshwater bivalve, Hyriopsis schelgelii, were raised in rabbits. The antisera were found to aggultinate spermatozoa of three freshwater bivalves; H. schelgelii, Anodonta woodiana, and Cristaria plicata (Paleoheterodonta), but they did not agglutinate those of Corbicula sandai (Heterodonta). The specificity of the agglutination was examined by an inhibition test using various carbohydrates, from which it was concluded that an antigenic determinant is GlcA4Me Fuc. Immunological studies indicated that Lipid IV exists on the cell surface of the spermatozoa.

Sugita, M., O. Itasaka and T. Hori. 1976. Branched long chain bases from the bivalve Corbicula sandai. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids (The Netherlands) 16(1):1 8.

Long chain bases were liberated from a crude mixture of sphingolipids from whole tissue of Corbicula sandai, and the conversion of the bases into N   acetyl   0   trimethylsilyl derivatives was accomplished. The derived bases were analyzed by combined GLC and mass spectrophotometry. A portion of the sphingolipids was subjected to catalytic hydrogenation from which saturated long chain bases (sphingenines) were obtained. The saturated bases were oxidized with lead   tetra   acetate and the aldehydes were analyzed by GLC. The aldehydes were further oxidized to acids with silver oxide, the resulting fatty acids methylated and analyzed by GLC. Five long chain bases were identified, consisting of hexadeca   4   sphingenine (15%), heptadeca   4  sphingenine (2%), iso   octadeca   4 sphingenine (13%), octadeca   4   sphingenine (39%), and anteiso   nonadeca   4   sphingenine (31%). So far, no branches have been found in shellfish sphingolipid long chain bases.

Sugita, M., Y. Okumura, T. Hori, K. Hasimoto and Y. Okyama. 1972. On the water quality of Lake Biwa, the Seta River and some rivers in Otsu City and the heavy metal content of the bottom matters of Lake Biwa. Memoirs of the Faculty of Education, Shiga University of Natural Science 21:12 23.

Sugita, M., S. Shirai, O. Itasaka and T. Hori. 1975. Nautral glycosphingolipids containing mannose from the bivalve Corbicula sandai. Journal of Biochemistry (Tokyo) 77(1):125 130.

A unique subclass of ceramide oligosaccharides from whole tissue of Corbicula sandai was isolated. Through the use of chemical, enzymatic, and physical techniques, two novel glycolipids were characterized and mannosyl   alpha (1 4)   mannosyl   beta (1   4)   glucosyl ceramide. The components of fatty acids and long chain bases in the two glycolipids were analyzed by GLC and were further identified by mass spectrometry. With respect to major components, both lipids have similar ceramide moieties.

Sultanov, K. M., S. A. Isaev and O. A. Kerimov. 1972. On the biogeochemical study of the shells of living fresh water mollusks. Uchenye Zapiski Azerbaidzhanskogo Gosudarstvennago Universitieta (Seriya Geolog Geograficheskikh Nauk) 1972(2):45 50.

Sun, P. 2004. Metal content and contamination assessment in Corbicula fluminea from the Yangtze River estuary. Ying yong yu huan jing sheng wu xue bao/Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology 10(1):79-83

Sun, P. and B. Wang. 2002. Comparative study on two test methods for determining the heavy metal contents in biological samples. Journal of Oceanography of Huanghai and Bohai Seas/Huangbohai Haiyang, Qingdao 20(2):99-104. [Chinese with English summary]

Inductively coupled plasm-atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer (GAAS) were used to determine the Cd and Cr contents in Corbicula fluminea samples, and the effects of the two test methods on the determined Cd and Cr results were compared. It is shown from the test results that the determined contents of Cd and Cr in biological samples were significantly affected by the two test method, and for the same sample, the contents of Cd and Cr determined by ICP-AES were all greater than those determined by GAAS. Compared with ICP-AES method, GAAS method had a higher accuracy for determining the Cd and Cr contents in Corbicula fluminea samples, and the difference degree between the Cd and Cr contents determined by the two test methods were 18.8% and 136.4%, respectively, which indicates that the effect of different test methods on the determined Cr contents is more significant than that on the determined Cd contents.

Sun, P. and B. Wang. 2004. Effects of seasonal variation and individual size on heavy metals accumulation in Corbicula fluminea. Marine Science Bulletin/Haiyang Tongbao 23(2):19-24. [Chinese with English summary]

Sung, W. I. 1972. The effects of temperature and salinity on the oxygen consumption of excised gill tissue of Corbicula fluminea (Müller). Publications of the Marine Laboratory Pusan Fisheries College (Korea) 5:37 43. [Korean with English summary]

The effect of temperature and salinity of the rate of oxygen consumption in the excised gill tissue of Corbicula fluminea (Müller) and the weight specific respiratory rates in relation to their body sizes have been investigated. The weight specific respiratory rate of C. fluminea held in 15 and 25% seawater was decreased with an increase in body size. Over the range of temperatures from 5 25^o C, the rate of oxygen consumption increased with increasing temperature. Rates were higher in clams held in 5 and l5% seawater than those held below 5% and above 15% seawater.

Suryanarayanan, H. and K. M. Alexander. 1972. Biochemical investigations on edible molluscs of Kerala. 1. A study on the nutritional value of some bivalves. Fishery Technology (Cochin) 9(1):42 47.

Data on the constituents and food values of five commercially important edible bivalves of Kerala (Lamellidens corrianus, Corbicula striatella, Mytilus edulis, Vellorita cochinensis and Ostrea cucullata) have been presented. Physiological significance of the variations have been discussed. Present study reveals that the bivalve meat compares favorably with the common food fishes with regard to their caloric value and hence would be an excellent and economic source of nutrition.

Suvatti, C. 1950. Fauna of Thailand, Mollusca. Department of Fisheries (Bangkok). pp. 32 126

Suzuki, K. 1941. Three new species of non marine shells from the Tertiary formations of Hokkaido and Karahuto. Japanese Journal of Geology and Geography 18(1 2):53 58.

Suzuki, K. 1941. Some non marine shells from the Oligocene Ishikari series in the Ishikari coal field, Hokkaido. Journal of the Faculty of Science of the Imperial University Tokyo, Section II, 6(1 3):1 11.

Suzuki, K. 1941. Notes on the Tertiary non marine Mollusca from the coal field of Uryu, Hokkaido. Journal of the Faculty of Science of the Imperial University Tokyo, Section II, 6(1 3):13 36.

Suzuki, K. 1941. The Paleogene corbiculids of northwestern Kyushu. Journal of the Faculty of Science of the Imperial University Tokyo, Section II, 6(1 3):36 62.

Suzuki, K. 1942. Contributions to the knowledge of the non marine Mesozoic formations in eastern Asia and the fossils contained. 3. Fresh water shells from the Cretaceous Sungari series in central Manchoukuo. Journal of the Faculty of Science of the Imperial University Tokyo, Section II, 6(1 3):91 106.

The stratigraphical distribution of the Paleogene corbiculids of northwestern Kyushu, together with than of the other non marine shells, is summarized and some specific descriptions of the fossils given. Species of Corbicula discussed are Corbicula hizenss, Corbicula matusitai, and Corbicula nakayamana.

Suzuki, K. 1943. Zwei neue Tetriore Corbicula arten aus Nord Sachalin: Materialischen zue monographie der Ostasiatischen Corbiculidien 3. Venus, Japanese Journal of Malacology 12(3 4):159 171. [Japanese with German summary]

Suzuki, K. and K. Oyama. 1943. Uberblick :uber die Corbiculiden Ostasiens. Venus, Japanese Journal of Malacology 12:138 149. [Japanese with German summary]

The subgenera of the genus Corbicula are discussed. Cyrenobatissa subgen. nov. is erected (p. 147) with Cyrena subsulcata Clessin as the type species. Mesocorbicula subgen. nov. is erected (p. 147) with Corbicula tetoriensis Kobayashi and Suzuki as the type species.

Suzuki, N. and T. Miura. 1977. Organisms living in Lake Biwa and environment problems from the standpoint of larger organisms. IN: Science for Better Environment, Proceedings of the International Congress on the Human Environment, Y. Fukushima, Ed. Pergamon Press (New York). pp. 411 415.

Suzuki, S., N. Sato, K. Ishikawa, K. Takatsuki, E. Kamo, H.-A. Kikuchi and K. Sakai. 1982. Residues of paddy herbicides in fish and shellfish. Journal of Hygienic Chemistry/Eisei Kagaku 28(1):60.

In the present study, residues of other herbicides and of CNP-amino derivatives in fish and shellfish were examined. 1) Three herbicides (molinate, benthiocarb, butachlor) were identified in corbicula by GC-MC analysis. To investigate the residual concentrations of herbecides in fish and shellfish, the authors developed a new clean-up method. 2) CNP is known to be converted easily to the corresponding amino derivatives. Thus, we investigated CNP-amino derivatives in Corbicula. The acute toxicity of these herbicides is not high, so they are widely used in a large quantities. However, there is little information about their chronic toxicity. Further work is necessary to investigate the chronic toxicity as well as mutagenicity and carcinogenicity.

Suzuki, S., N. Sato, K. Takatsuki, H. Kikuchi, and I. Ushizawa. 1985. Pollution of corbiculae with chlorinated bibenzo p dioxins from a herbicide chlornitrofen residues of paddy herbicides in fish and shellfish. Journal of the Food Hygienic Society of Japan 26(2):137 143. (Japanese)

Suzuki, T., N. Sugimura, T. Taniguchi, Y. Unemi, T. Murata, M. Hayashida, K. Yokouchi, K. Uda and T. Furukohri. 2002. Two-domain arginine kinases from the clams Solen strictus and Corbicula japonica: exceptional amino acid replacement of the functionally important D(62) by G. The International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology 34(10):1221-1229.

Arginine kinases (AKs) isolated from the adductor muscle of the clams Solen strictus and Corbicula japonica have relative molecular masses of 80 kDa as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) in contrast to the 40 kDa AKs found in Mollusca and Arthropoda. The cDNAs encoding Solen and Corbicula AKs have open reading frames of 2175 nucleotides (724 amino acid protein) and 2172 nucleotides (723 amino acid protein), respectively. The amino acid sequence clearly indicates that Solen and Corbicula AKs have a two-domain structure: the first-domain includes residues 1-363 and the second-domain includes residue 364 to the end. There is approximately 60% inter-domain amino acid identity. It is clear that gene-duplication and subsequent fusion occurred in the immediate ancestor of the clams Solen, Corbicula, and Pseudocardium. During substrate binding, it is proposed that AK undergoes a substrate-induced conformational change and that the hydrogen bond between D(62) and R(193) stabilizes the substrate-bound structure. However, in Solen and Corbicula two-domain AKs, D(62) is replaced by a G, and R(193) by A, S, or D. Consequently, the two-domain AKs can not form the stabilizing hydrogen bond. Nevertheless, the enzyme activity of Corbicula AK is comparable to those of other molluscan 40 kDa AKs. We assumed that the substrate-bound structure of the two-domain AK is stabilized not by the hydrogen bond between D(62) and R(193) but by the bond between H(60) and D(197), characteristic of the unusual two-domain AKs. This explains why D(62) and R(193), which remain highly conserved in other AKs, have undergone amino acid replacements in Solen and Corbicula AKs.

Suzuki, T., T. Taniguchi and K. Uda. 2003. Kinetic properties and structural characteristics of an unusual two-domain arginine kinase of the clam Corbicula japonica. Federation of European Biochemical Societies Letters 533: 95-98.

Arginine kinase (AK) from the clam Corbicula japonica is a unique enzyme in that it has an unusual two-domain structure with molecular mass of 80 kDa. It lacks two functionally important amino acid residues, Asp-62 and Arg-193, which are conserved in other 40 kDa AKs and are assumed to be key residues for stabilizing the substrate-bound structure. K_m^arg and V_max values for the recombinant two-domain AK were determined. These values were close to those of usual 40 kDa AKs, although Corbicula AK lacks the functionally important Asp-62 and Arg-193. Domain 2 of Corbicula AK was separated from the two-domain enzyme and was expressed in Escherichia coli. Domain 2 still exhibited activity. However, kinetic parameters for domain 2 appeared to be slightly, but significantly, different from those of two-domain AK. Thus, it is likely that the formation of the contiguous dimer alters the kinetic properties of its constituent domains significantly. Comparison of K_d^arg and K_m^arg for two-domain AK and its domain 2 showed that the affinity of the enzyme for arginine is greater in the presence of substrate ATP than in its absence. Presumably this difference is correlated with the large structural differences in the enzyme in the presence or absence of substrate, namely open and closed structures. We expressed three mutants of Corbicula AK domain 2 (His-60 to Gly or Arg, Asp-197 to Gly), and determined their K_m^arg and V_max values. The affinity for the substrate arginine in mutant enzymes was reduced considerably, accompanied by a decrease in V_max. These results suggest that His-60 and Asp-197 affect the substrate binding system, and are consistent with the hypothesis that a hydrogen bond is formed between His-60 and Asp-197 in Corbicula AK as a substitute for the Asp-62 and Arg-193 bond in normal AKs.

Swain, F. M. and N. P. Prokopovich. 1969. Biogeochemistry of Delta Mendota Canal, Central Valley Project, California. U. S. Bureau of Reclamation Water Resources Technical Publications Research Report 20. pp. 1 42.

During the winter dewatering of the Delta Mendota Canal in 1965, bottom sediments and canal organisms were collected at l7 stations between mile posts 4.7 and 79.1. Field readings were made of hydrogen ion concentration, oxidation reduction potential, and oxygen content of the sediments, water, and canal organisms.

The oxygen content of the water shows that it was well aerated (10 13 mg/L), that of the upper part of the sediment and of accumulations of Corbicula fluminea was variable but generally low (1 7 mg/L) showing poor aeration. The lower values of 1 3 mg/L are accompanied by low positive or negative oxidation reduction potentials (Eh), which show that reducing conditions and oxygen depletion caused by bacterial activity prevail in these sediments. The hydrogen ion concentration (pH) values of the water show that they are neutral to somewhat alkaline (7 to 8.45). The pH values of the sediments are generally slightly alkaline (7 to 8.05)

The carbon and nitrogen contents of Corbicula fluminea soft tissues was 45.07 to 48.28 C% and 7.50 to 11.78 N%.

Gas chromatographic analyses of the saturated hydrocarbon fraction of Corbicula fluminea showed the probable presence of small amounts of these hydrocarbons in the range of C 16   C 28. The sediments associated with C. fluminea seem to have little or no separable aliphatic hydrocarbons in most of the samples; one bottom sediment sample, however, yielded a large fraction of possible C 26 and smaller portions of C 21 to C28 compounds. Aromatic hydrocarbon fractions of both organisms and sediments yielded little or no additional fractions by gas chromatography.

The carbohydrate content of the canal organisms extracted with sulfuric acid range from about 3 x 10⁴g/g to 28 x 10⁴g/g, and is about 24 x 10^-4g/g in the associated sediments. These relatively low levels of concentration show that the carbohydrate content of the organisms is low, and that much of it is being preserved in the sediments. Glucose and galactose are the main monosaccharides in Corbicula fluminea. The sediments contain galactose, glucose, arabinose, xylose, ribose, and mannose from sources other than C. fluminea. These supply small but perhaps essential food supplies for organisms living in the sediments.

Protein compounds are plentifully represented in the canal waters by diatoms, other algae, copepods, cladocerans, and other organisms and in the canal sediments by Corbicula fluminea. The protein amino acids of canal material were extracted with hydrochloric acid and separated in an amino acid analyzer. All the common protein amino acids are present in C. fluminea and several other canal organisms.

Swinehart, J. H. and J. H. Crowe. 1980. Effects of heavy metals on amino acid and divalent cation transport in gills of bivalve mollusks. American Zoologist 20(4):735. [Abstract]

The effect of the heavy metals Hg²⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺, Mn²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, and Tb³⁺ on the efflux and/or influx of amino acids and the divalvent cations Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ in the gills of Mytilus californianus (marine), Anodonta sp. and Corbicula sp. (freshwater) was studied. The results show that Hg²⁺ has a dramatic effect on amino acid efflux from M. californianus and Anodonta, and Hg²⁺, Cu²⁺ and Fe³⁺ inhibit influx of glycine into M. californianus and Anodonta, and Hg²⁺, Cu²⁺ and Fe³⁺ inhibit influx of glycine into M. californianus gills. The efflux of Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ is independent of heavy metals for M. californianus, but dependent for Anodonta and Corbicula. The latter results can be interpreted in terms of differences in the requirements for Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ binding between marine and freshwater species, and, in part, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ displacement by heavy metals from surface complexing sites. Heavy metal amino acid and  surface complexation provide an explanation for the results on amino acid fluxes.

Swingle, H. A. and D. G. Bland. 1974. Distribution of the estuarine clam Rangia cuneata Gray in coastal waters of Alabama. Alabama Marine Resources Laboratory Research Bulletin 10:9 16.

Swinnen, F., M. Leynen, R. Sablon, L. Duvivier and R. Vanmaele. 1998. The Asiatic clam Corbicula (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae) in Belgium. Bulletin de L'Institut Royal Des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique. Biologie/Bulletin van het Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen. Biologie 68:47-53.

Over the past few years Corbicula fluminea and Corbicula fluminalis started colonizing the river Meuse and some major connecting canals in Belgium. A map with the presently known distribution in Belgium is provided

Sykes, E. R. 1902. On a collection of land and fresh water shells from Kelantan, Malay Peninsula. Journal of Malacology 9(2):60 63.

Sylvester, F., J. Dorado, D. Boltovskoy, A. Juarez and D. Cataldo. 2005. Filtration rates of the invasive pest bivalve Limnoperna fortunei as a function of size and temperature. Hydrobiologia 534(1-3):71-80.

Clearance rates of Limnoperna fortunei (Bivalvia) were investigated in laboratory experiments using monocultures of the alga Chlorella vulgaris. Experimental conditions included two mollusc sizes (15 and 23 mm), and three water temperatures (15, 20 and 25^oC) covering the normal seasonal range in the lower Parana River and Rio de la Plata estuary. Filtration rates obtained were, for the larger mussels: 9.9, 13.1 and 17.7 ml mg tissue dry weight^-1 h^-1 at 15, 20 and 25^oC, respectively; and for the smaller ones: 17.7, 20.8 and 29.5 ml mg^-1 h^-1. Differences between sizes and between temperatures (except 15 vs. 20^oC) were statistically significant. In absolute terms larger animals have higher clearance rates, but as a function of body mass smaller individuals feed more actively. Within the range of experimental values used, filtration rates were positively associated with water temperature. These clearance rates (125-350 ml individual^-1 h^-1) are among the highest reported for suspension feeding bivalves, including the invasive species Dreissena polymorpha, D. bugensis and Corbicula fluminea. High filtration rates, associated with the very high densities of this mollusc in the Parana watershed (up to over 200,000 ind m^-2) suggest that its environmental impact may be swiftly changing ecological conditions in the areas colonized.