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3D Printing.Unlike subtractive manufacturing, which uses moulds to make a 3D object, additive manufacturing (also called 3D printing) uses a computer-aided design (CAD) file to layer and solidify liquid, sheet, or powdered materials to make a real thing (Shanmugan et al., 2023). Most of the time, 3D printers use plastics (such as polylactic acid, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, and hydrogel composites (Sharma & Rai, 2022) and metals (such as steel, stainless steel, titanium, gold, and silver). Modern 3D printers use things like liquid crystal elastomers jammed and microgel ink that has been. Some of the technologies that have contributed to the development of 3D printing include nanoparticle jetting, laser engineering net shape, wire and arc additive manufacturing, electron beam melting, selective laser sintering/melting, atomic diffusion additive manufacturing, single-pass jetting, fused deposition modelling, direct ink printing, and the filament extrusion method (Rajan et al., 2022). 3D printing has been used to create practically everything, from mechanical products to human organs (including the kidney and the heart) and tissues all over the world (bones, muscles, and teeth). Even though printing human organs with 3D bioprinting is still in its early stages, it is expected to grow quickly as part of industry 4.0. Beyond that, the development of 3D printing will look into ways to make living, responsive materials and devices (like shape-memory polymers and aqueous droplets like soft robotics(Xia et al., 2021). Cloud Computing.One of the most influential technologies that is driving innovation is cloud computing(Manuel Maqueira et al., 2019). Users can use its service model, which lets remote computing services be offered, to access applications, data, and physical computing resources over a network (Qi & Tao, 2019). Cloud computing technology is used in e-learning for tasks such as management of curriculum content, virtual laboratory environment, communication and (e-mail and notifications). Cloud computing is not only used in schools but also in the industrial, creative, transportation and utility fields(Hung, 2019). Cloud computing has been utilised for several enterprise and analytical applications over the years, but in the age of industry 4.0, the performance of cloud technologies is projected to increase, especially when security at both the network application and host level is implemented (Attaran & Woods, 2019). By putting these resources in the cloud, users can save money on technologies that are quickly becoming outdated, like server hardware, a lot of storage space, and apps, programmes, and ready-made services. For their services, cloud service providers can charge their customers either a flat monthly fee or a price per use. Cloud computing is mostly executed by Amazon.com, Microsoft, Google, and IBM. These companies do most of the research, development, and use of cloud computing. Download 2.1 Mb. Share with your friends:
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