Draft import risk analysis report
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- 1.4.2 Office International des Epizooties
- 1.4.3 Current Import Protocol
- 1.5 Australia’s role in the preservation of endangered species
- 1.5.1 The status of zoo Felidae in Australian zoos
1.4 International framework1.4.1 World Trade OrganizationAs a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), Australia has certain rights and obligations under the WTO Agreement, including the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures - the so-called ‘SPS Agreement’. The SPS Agreement recognises the standards, guidelines and recommendations developed by the OIE, the world organisation for animal health, as the relevant international benchmark. Under the SPS Agreement, measures put in place by a country must be based either on an international standard or upon a scientific risk analysis. A risk analysis must: identify the diseases whose entry, establishment or spread within its territory a WTO member wants to prevent, as well as the potential biological and economic consequences associated with the entry, establishment or spread of these diseases evaluate the likelihood of entry, establishment or spread of these diseases, as well as the associated potential biological and economic consequences evaluate the likelihood of entry, establishment or spread of these diseases according to the SPS measures that might be applied. The SPS Agreement defines ‘appropriate level of sanitary or phytosanitary protection’ as the level of protection deemed appropriate by the member country establishing a sanitary or phytosanitary measure to protect human, animal or plant life or health within its territory. This is termed ‘appropriate level of protection’ (ALOP) in Australia. Further information on Australia’s rights and obligations arising from the SPS Agreement may be found in the report National Risk Management and the SPS Agreement (Wilson and Gascoine, 1999)f. 1.4.2 Office International des EpizootiesAustralia is a member of the OIE and actively contributes to the development of international animal health standards. The OIE publication relevant to this IRA is the OIE International Animal Health Code (the OIE Code). The OIE Code provides guidance in relation to trade in terrestrial animals and birds, and their products and, in Section 1.4, outlines the requirements for an IRA. The OIE Code also categorises and lists important animal or zoonotic diseases. Those pertinent to the importation of non-domestic Felidae are described under Hazard Identification. 1.4.3 Current Import ProtocolAn interim import protocol was developed in 1997 for all zoo carnivores, replacing earlier conditions, to allow essential importations to continue - it is generic with relation to species and country of origin. This protocol identifies rabies, Aleutian disease, Aujeszky’s disease, babesiosis, brucellosis, pseudotuberculosis, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, trichinosis, trypanosomiasis, tuberculosis and tularaemia as diseases of quarantine significance with regard to the importation of zoo carnivores. An Official Veterinariang must issue health certification regarding freedom from disease and fitness for travel. This covers the animal health status of the exporting institution, the required period of residency, pre-export quarantine (PEQ) period and treatments. Animals for export are required to spend twelve months residence in the exporting institution. Post-arrival quarantine (PAQ) and treatments are covered by the existing protocol, permanent confinement to an AQIS registered A or B class zoo being a requirement. This classification of zoos no longer exists. Under the Vertebrate Pests Committee’s (VPC) classification, all non-domestic Felidae are assigned to Category 2 or 3(a), being animals limited to restricted collections. Quarantine legislation prior to the amendments of 1998 required zoo animals to remain in permanent quarantine. The current import protocol was written with these pre-requisites in mind, and required that “each imported animal must remain in a registered A or B class zoo after release from post-arrival quarantine isolation unless otherwise agreed by the Director of Animal and Plant Quarantine (Australia)”. Current quarantine legislation does not require the permanent quarantine of zoo animals, and this IRA with its proposed import requirements has taken this into account. The 1997 protocol has been used for the importation of a number of zoo carnivores, including cheetahs from South Africa, Sumatran tigers from New Zealand, servals from the United Kingdom and an Asiatic golden cat from Germany. A number of carnivores from other families have also been imported, including pandas, otters, meercats and maned wolves. The 1997 protocol will remain in place pending finalisation of this IRA.
Zoos play a role in conservation by the controlled breeding of endangered species (ex situ propagation). The ultimate goal of ex situ conservation is support of survival in the wild. Within Australia, the Australasian Species Management Program (ASMP) generates management recommendations and collection planning from the Australasian Regional Association of Zoological Parks and Aquaria (ARAZPA). These recommendations cover, inter alia, preferred species for matings and reproduction. The breeding policy developed by ASMP often requires the exchange of animals in order to maintain genetic diversity. It is within this framework that Australian zoos plan for the importation of potential breeding stock. The Carnivore Taxon Advisory Group (TAG), has identified the Sumatran Tiger as a high priority for conservation of endangered species in the region. Among the TAG’s short-term goals are assisting the completion of Captive Management Plans for the Persian Leopard. 1.5.1 The status of zoo Felidae in Australian zoosThe 1999 Regional Census and Plan lists 21 species of non-domestic Felidae held in Australasian zoos. Importation of some exotic Felidae will be necessary to introduce new genetic material and maintain viability. Among importations planned are Sumatran Tiger from Indonesia and New Zealand, Cheetahs, and Asiatic Golden Cats. Plans for expansion of groups already present, in many cases, can be met by stock bred within Australia, but others require further importation. There are five endangered species of non-domestic Felidae held in Australian zoos, and there are plans to acquire more animals within these species. The international movement of breeding stock is essential to minimise the problems of inbreeding.
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