English for Research: Usage, Style, and Grammar



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A.Wallwork - English for Research Usage, Style, and Grammar - 2013
26.1
most common styles
There are four main ways to refer to other authors. Begin the phrase with the author’s name. This is the easiest style to use for authors and the most readable. This style is also useful for comparing authors.
2. Begin with the reference and then immediately give the name of the author. This is similar to the first style, and is particularly useful when you are referring to more than one work by the same author.
3. End with the author and / or the reference. Sometimes this can be a heavy construction because it involves the use of the passive. However it is useful when several papers are being referred to.
4. The author is not mentioned, only the reference number. This is potentially ambiguous, see To learn how to write the bibliography, see your journal’s style guide or instructions to the author.
EXAMPLES
1
Wallwork [2012] stated x = y. Huang [2013] agrees with this statement, but Xanadu [2014] does not.
2 In [6] Wallwork stated that x = y. Then in [9] he added that x + 1 = y + 1.
3 A proposal fora conference on this topic was put forward by Tang [2014].
3 This is not the first time that such a proposal has been put forward Himmler,
2012; Goldberg, 2013]. This is not the first time such a proposal has been put forward [6, 27, 33].
4 This proposal was first put forward in [6]. Ina proposal fora conference on this topic was put forward.
26 Referring to the literature


222
26.2
common dangers
1. Only using a reference without mentioning the author’s name is certainly the most concise form. But it has a major disadvantage. It forces the reader to break off reading the text and go to the bibliography to see which author is being referred to. The reader may also need to ascertain whether the author is referring to his / her own work. It can also be ambiguous when the phrase the author/s is used – is this a reference to the authors of the current paper or to other authors in the literature
2. If you refer to a previous paper that you have written, make sure it is clear that this paper was written by you and not by another author. Just mentioning your name is not enough because the reader may have forgotten that the paper that he/she is reading is by you.
3. Within the same manuscript do not mix the year format with the bibliographical number format. Your choice will depend on the journal. Note the best solution maybe to use more than one form in order to create variety. A review of the literature can be very tedious if every sentence either begins or ends with the name of an author or a reference. Also, you may need to change the focus from author to findings and vice versa.

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