Epa vaapuu, Appellant, V. American samoa government, Appellee
Download 0.95 Mb.
|
- Navigate this page:
- AMERICAN SAMOA GOVERNMENT, Plaintiff, v. ALFRED FAUMUINA, Defendant.
- Discussion [1-3]
- Conclusion and Order
- AMERICAN SAMOA GOVERNMENT, Plaintiff v. POE FAUMUINA, Defendant
- Discussion [1-2]
[5] With one notable exception, the facts regarding these statements are not in dispute, and are recounted in ASG’s response brief. Upon entering defendant’s room and seeing the suspected marijuana on the table, Agent Snow asked two questions: “What? You invite cops into your room with dope on the table?” and “What do you expect us to do now, just walk away and forget this happened?” The defendant responded to each by shaking his head and looking down at the floor. After receiving no verbal response, Agent Snow proceeded to ask “Where is the rest of the stuff because I know there’s more?” The defendant responded pleadingly, “Come on, Dave; come on, Dave.” Defendant was then placed under arrest, and it is at this point that we reach the critical disputed question of fact. At the hearing, Agent Snow testified that, at the time of the arrest, he advised defendant of his full constitutional rights; his written report, however, simply recorded that he had reminded defendant of his “right to remain silent,” only one component of those warning required by Miranda. This entry in the report notwithstanding, we rule as a finding of fact that Agent Snow did indeed advise defendant of the entirety of his constitutional Miranda rights, as he asserted at the hearing. Agent Snow is an experienced and well-trained officer who has certainly made dozens of arrests throughout his career. To such an officer, the Miranda warnings necessarily become a rote recitation, memorized and administered routinely at the time of arrest. Ironically, we would be more troubled if the disputed issue of fact was whether any of the Miranda rights were given at all; under the instant circumstances, however, we think it highly unlikely that Agent Snow would have given the defendant only a subset of those rights which he had been trained to give.25 Given these facts, therefore, we find no grounds for suppressing any of defendant’s statements. The initial questions and responses prior to the arrest pose no difficulty, as they did not amount to custodial interrogation within the meaning of Miranda. See ASG v. Taylor, 19 A.S.R.2d 105, 106-07 (Trial Div. 1991). Although defendant may or may not have felt free to leave, these unique circumstances—in which the defendant freely invited the officers into his home containing marijuana in plain view—lead us to believe that the pre-arrest conversation was not custodial in nature. With respect to statements made by the defendant after his arrest, we find that any such statements were made subsequent to his being advised of his full constitutional rights, and we find no reason to believe that those statements were not made freely and voluntarily. Defendant is an educated adult, a teacher. He was given his Miranda warnings, and Agent Snow even expounded at additional length upon his right to remain silent. Finding no evidence to support an implication of coercion, we therefore decline to suppress defendant’s statements in this matter. Order For the foregoing reasons, defendant’s motions to suppress test results and defendant’s motion to suppress statements are hereby denied. Defendant’s motion to suppress evidence not seen in plain view is hereby granted. It is so ordered. ********** AMERICAN SAMOA GOVERNMENT, Plaintiff, v. ALFRED FAUMUINA, Defendant. High Court of American Samoa Trial Division CR No. 8-97 October 21, 1999 [1] Article 1, Section 5 of the Revised Constitution of American Samoa mirrors its federal counterpart in the Fourth Amendment under which the right of the people to be secure in their persons against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be violated. [2] Under the rule of exclusion, items seized illegally may be suppressed upon a timely motion; evidence obtained in violation of Constitutional protections shall not be admitted in any court. [3] A warrantless search is unless an exception exists to justify it, and a “Terry stop and frisk” is such an exception. [4] A Terry frisk must be limited to what is necessary for the discovery of weapons which might be used to harm the officer or others. [5] A Terry frisk is justified if it is reasonably related to the circumstances, and the search of a waist pouch is reasonable where the officer has reason to believe it contains a gun and ammunition. [6] A Terry frisk must be justified at its inception, and the officer must be rightfully in the presence of the party frisked, and that is so when the party places himself in the officer’s presence. [7] A Terry frisk is justified if the officer reasonably suspects that the party may be armed and dangerous; this standard is quite low (a good deal lower than probable cause) and considerable deference is afforded law enforcement authorities in this determination. It is reasonable for an officer to suspect that a person is armed if he sees what he believes to be the bulge of a gun in a waist pouch. [8] It is reasonable for an officer to suspect that a person may be dangerous when the person is displeased at having poker machines seized, and persistently follows the team carrying out inspections for other illegal machines. [9] A frisk is proper where an obvious bulge of a handgun provides probable cause to arrest and search on suspicion that the person is carrying a concealed firearm in violation of A.S.C.A. § 46.4203 (a)(1). [10] A protective search is permissible after a suspect is handcuffed. Before RICHMOND, Associate Justice, ATIULAGI, Associate Judge Counsel: For Plaintiff, John W. Cassell, Assistant Attorney General For Defendant, Aitofele T. Sunia ORDER DENYING MOTION TO SUPPRESS EVIDENCE On July 23, 1997, defendant Alfred Faumuina26 (“Faumuina”) was placed on probation for two years for his conviction of assault in the third degree, a class A misdemeanor. As one condition of his probation, Faumuina must be a law-abiding citizen. On June 25, 1999, his probation officer filed an affidavit to initiate probation revocation proceedings, alleging that on June 24, 1999, Faumuina unlawfully possessed a 9mm handgun (‘the handgun”). Plaintiff American Samoa Government (“ASG”) commenced prosecution of Faumuina for unlawful use of a weapon, by knowingly carrying the handgun concealed on his person, a class 13 felony. The information charging this offense, in CR No. 48-99, was filed on July 12, 1999. Faumuina’s motion to suppress evidence in that action is pending. We found probable cause to proceed with the probation revocation proceeding on July 12, 1999. During the subsequent formal evidentiary hearing on July 30, 1999, Faumuina objected to the introduction of the handgun, and the ammunition found with it, on the grounds that this evidence was the product of an unlawful search and seizure. We invited the parties to brief the issue, and took the unreasonable search and seizure evidentiary issue and the probation violation determination under advisement. Facts During the morning of June 24, 1999, an ASG team, including police Lieutenant Vaito`elau Laumoli (“LT Laumoli”) and Detective Sergeant Ta`ase Sagapolutele (“SGT Sagapolutele”), inspected various premises for the presence of illegal poker machines. At the market place in Fagatogo, the team confiscated machines believed to belong to Faumuina. Faumuina came to this site while the process was in progress and acted with displeasure over the seizure of these machines. Faumuina and other private citizens then followed and observed the activities of the team at several other locations in the Pago Pago Bay area. The search and seizure in question took place outside of a building in Aua. While SGT Sagapolutele waited outside in the police unit, LT Laumoli and other team members went inside the building. Faumuina and another citizen began to follow LT Laumoli’s group into the building. LT Laumoli then asked Faumuina and his immediate companion to leave the area so as to not disrupt the team’s inspection. Faumuina and his companion apparently acceded to this request. However, SGT Sagapolutele had stepped out of the vehicle and was approaching Faumuina. When SGT Sagapolutele was within approximately three yards of Faumuina, he noticed what appeared to be the outline of a handgun in the waist pouch on Faumuina’s person. Closing to within a couple of feet of Faumuina, SGT Sagapolutele discerned the gleam of metallic objects that looked like the tips of loose bullets inside the pouch. SGT Sagapolutele asked Faumuina about the contents of the pouch, and Faumuina did not reply. At this point, SGT Sagapolutele was concerned that Faumuina was armed and potentially dangerous, and he reached to pat down the waist pouch. Faumuina twisted to away as if to prevent the contact. SGT Sagapolutele was still able to touch the pouch and felt a hard object which he believed could be a handgun. SGT Sagapolutele then held Faumuina, opened the pouch, and discovered the loaded handgun. Loose bullets for the handgun were also in the pouch. Faumuina seeks to suppress the handgun and bullets on the ground that the search was not lawful because SGT Sagapolutele did not have reasonable suspicion sufficient to justify the search. Faumuina also wants his statements to the police suppressed. Discussion [1-3] Mirroring its federal counterpart in the Fourth Amendment, Article 1, Section 5 of the Revised Constitution of American Samoa states that “[t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons . . . against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated . . . .” Under the rule of exclusion, items seized illegally may be suppressed upon a timely motion. Weeks v. United States, 232 U.S. 383 (1914). Moreover, Article 1, Section 5 of the Revised Constitution of American Samoa explicitly states that “[e]vidence obtained in violation of this section shall not be admitted in any court.” This search was not made pursuant to a warrant and was therefore unlawful unless an exception exists to justify it. We agree with ASG that a “Terry stop and frisk” constitutes such an exception in this case. [4] In Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968), the Supreme Court defined a “frisk” as “measures to determine whether the person is in fact carrying a weapon and to neutralize the threat of physical harm.” The Court determined that a frisk constitutes a search within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment that must be “limited to that which is necessary for the discovery of weapons which might be used to harm the officer or others nearby.” SOT Sagapolutele’s search falls within this definition of a frisk. He opened Faumuina’s waist pouch to determine whether Faumuina was carrying a handgun, and if so, to neutralize any threat the firearm might pose. SGT Sagapolutele only searched Faumuina’s pouch in which the handgun and bullets were in fact located. The search was thus limited to discovering ready weapons on Faumuina’s person. [5] Justification for a frisk requires two elements. First, the search must be reasonably related in scope to the circumstances. SGT Sagapolutele searched only the waist pouch in which he believed the handgun and ammunition to be located, satisfying this element. [6] Second, the search must be justified at its inception. Two factors play into whether a frisk is justified at its inception. First, the law enforcement officer must be rightfully in the presence of the party frisked. This is not an issue here, because Faumuina put himself in the presence of the officer. [7-8] Second, the law enforcement officer must suspect that the party may be armed and dangerous. Use of the word may indicates that this standard is quite low, and considerable deference is afforded law enforcement authorities in this determination. As stated in United States v. Montoya de Hernandez, 473 U.S. 531,541 (1985), this standard is a good deal lower than that of probable cause. The Supreme Court further elucidated this standard in Ybarra v. Illinois, 444 U.S. 85 (1979), wherein it stated that Terry “created an exception to the requirement of probable cause” whereby “a law enforcement officer, for his own protection and safety, may conduct a pat-down to find weapons that he reasonably believes or suspects are then in the possession of the person he has accosted.” SGT Sagapolutele’s testimony indicated a reasonable suspicion that Faumuina was armed, having seen what appeared to be a handgun in Faumuina’s waist pouch. From the circumstances of the day in question, the sergeant could also have reasonably believed Faumuina to be dangerous. Faumuina was displeased at having poker machines seized earlier at the Fagatogo market place and persistently followed the team carrying out the inspections for other illegal machines. [9] Even if Faumuina was acting innocently, however, a frisk was justified in this instance. People v. Prochilo, 363 N.E.2d 1380 (1977) held that a frisk was proper where the outline of a gun was visible through clothing, because an arrest and search on probable cause of carrying a concealed weapon could have been made. The situation here is almost identical, because SOT Sagapolutele could have immediately arrested and searched Faumuina on suspicion of carrying a concealed firearm in violation of A.S.C.A. § 46.4203 (a)(1). In addition, the court in United States v. $84,000 U.S. Currency, 717 F.2d 1090 (7th Cir. 1983) held that a law enforcement officer could properly frisk a person voluntarily accompanying him to the airport upon observing a suspicious bulge in that person’s clothing. In this case, Faumuina was in the presence of the police officers voluntarily and the handgun made an obvious bulge in the Faumuina’s waist pouch. The importance accorded police safety by the courts also argues for the lawfulness of the search. According to the Supreme Court, “the State’s proffered justification—the safety of the officer—is both legitimate and weighty. ‘Certainly it would be unreasonable to require that police officers take unnecessary risks in the performance of their duties.’” Pennsylvania v. Mimms, 434 U.S. 106 (1977). This policy rationale applies equally here. There is no justification for requiring SGT Sagapolutele to risk his life and the lives of fellow officers and civilian team members because he could not be sure whether Faumuina was displeased enough to use the handgun. [10] Faumuina also rhetorically questions the purpose or legitimacy of the second pat down the police officers made of his person after Faumuina was arrested and handcuffed. The officers were justified in conducting this pat down because a protective search is permissible after a suspect is handcuffed. ‘[I]t is by no means impossible for a handcuffed person to obtain and use a weapon concealed on his person,’ and the suspect may in any event be able to access a weapon concealed on his person once the handcuffs are removed. United States v. Sanders, 994 F.2d 200 (5th Cir. 1993) Conclusion and Order For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the seizure of the handgun and ammunition in this case was proper as a “Terry stop and frisk.” Therefore, Faumuina’s motion to suppress the handgun and ammunition is denied, and these items are admitted into evidence. We will, however, postpone making the formal decision on the probation violation until the trial in CR No. 48-99 is concluded. It is so ordered. ********** AMERICAN SAMOA GOVERNMENT, Plaintiff v. POE FAUMUINA, Defendant High Court of American Samoa Trial Division CR No. 48-99 October 21, 1999 [1] Under the Exclusionary Rule, items seized illegally may be suppressed upon a timely motion. [2] A “Terry stop and frisk” is an exception to the requirement that police possess a warrant in order to conduct a search. [3] A “frisk” is a measure used by police to determine whether a person is carrying a weapon and to neutralize the threat of physical harm. [4] A frisk must be limited in scope to that which is necessary for the discovery of weapons which might be used to harm the officer or others nearby. [5] A frisk is justified if it meets two requirements: (1) it must be reasonably related in scope to the circumstances; and (2) it must be justified at its inception. [6] In order for a frisk to be justified at it inception, the law enforcement officer must be rightfully in the presence of the party frisked and must suspect that the party may be armed and dangerous. [7] Considerable deference is afforded law enforcement authorities in their assessment of whether a suspect may be armed and dangerous. [8] Where police conducted second patdown of accused, subsequent to being arrested and handcuffed, such search was reasonable as a protective search. Before RICHMOND, Associate Justice, LOGOAI, Associate Judge. Counsel: For Plaintiff, John W. Cassell, Assistant Attorney General For Defendant, Aitofele T. Sunia ORDER DENYING MOTION TO SUPPRESS EVIDENCE On July 12, 1999, plaintiff American Samoa Government (ASGU) filed the information in this action, charging defendant Poe Faumuina27 (“Faumuina”) with the crime of unlawful use of a weapon, by knowingly carrying a 9mm handgun (“the handgun”) concealed on his person, a class D felony. Faumuina moved to suppress the handgun and ammunition seized by, and his statements to, the police. The court heard this motion on October 4, 1999. Faumuina’s alleged possession of the handgun is also the basis for probation revocation proceedings in CR No. 8-97. Thus, for purposes of the present motion, in addition to the testimony then taken on October 4, we took judicial notice of the testimony taken and evidence offered at the probation revocation hearing on July 30, 1999. Facts During the morning of June 24, 1999, an ASG team, including police Lieutenant Vaito`elau Laumoli (“LT Laumoli”) and Detective Sergeant Ta`ase Sagapolutele (“SGT Sagapolutele”), inspected various premises for the presence of illegal poker machines. At the market place in Fagatogo, the team confiscated machines believed to belong to Faumuina. Faumuina came to this site while the process was in progress and acted with displeasure over the seizure of these machines. Faumuina and other private citizens then followed and observed the activities of the team at several other locations in the Pago Pago Bay area. The search and seizure in question took place outside of a building in Aua. While SGT Sagapolutele waited outside in the police unit, LT Laumoli and other team members went inside the building. Faumuina and another citizen began to follow LT Laumoli’s group into the building. LT Laumoli then asked Faumuina and his immediate companion to leave the area so as to not disrupt the team’s inspection. Faumuina and his companion apparently acceded to this request. SGT Sagapolutele then stepped out of the police vehicle and approached Faumuina. When SGT Sagapolutele was within approximately three yards of Faumuina, he noticed what appeared to be the outline of a handgun in the waist pouch on Faumuina’s person. Closing to within a couple of feet of Faumuina, SGT Sagapolutele discerned the gleam of metallic objects that looked like the tips of loose bullets inside the pouch. SGT Sagapolutele asked Faumuina about the contents of the pouch, and Faumuina did not reply. At this point, SGT Sagapolutele was concerned that Faumuina was armed and potentially dangerous, and he reached to pat down the waist pouch. Faumuina twisted away as if to prevent the contact. SGT Sagapolutele was still able to touch the pouch and felt a hard object which he believed could be a handgun. SGT Sagapolutele then held Faumuina, opened the pouch, and discovered the loaded handgun. Loose bullets for the handgun were also in the pouch. Faumuina seeks to suppress the gun and bullets on the ground that the search was not lawful because SGT Sagapolutele did not have reasonable suspicion sufficient to justify the search. Faumuina also wants his statements to the police suppressed. Discussion [1-2] Mirroring its federal counterpart in the Fourth Amendment, Article 1, Section 5 of the Revised Constitution of American Samoa states that “[t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons . . . against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated . . . .” Under the rule of exclusion, items seized illegally may be suppressed upon a timely motion. Weeks v. United States, 232 U.S. 383 (1914). Moreover, Article 1, Section 5 of the Revised Constitution of American Samoa explicitly states that “[e]vidence obtained in violation of this section shall not be admitted in any court.” This search was not made pursuant to a warrant and was therefore unlawful unless an exception exists to justify it. We agree with ASG that a “Terry stop and frisk” constitutes such an exception in this case. [3-4] In Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968), the Supreme Court defined a “frisk” as “measures to determine whether the person is in fact carrying a weapon and to neutralize the threat of physical harm.” The Court determined that a frisk constitutes a search within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment that must be “limited to that which is necessary for the discovery of weapons which might be used to harm the officer or others nearby.” SGT Sagapolutele’s search falls within this definition of a frisk. He opened Faumuina’s waist pouch to determine whether Faumuina was carrying a handgun, and if so, to neutralize any threat the firearm might pose. SGT Sagapolutele only searched Faumuina’s pouch in which the handgun and bullets were in fact located. The search was thus limited to discovering weapons on Faumuina’s person. [5] Justification for a frisk requires two elements. First, the search must be reasonably related in scope to the circumstances. SGT Sagapolutele searched only the waist pouch in which he believed a handgun and ammunition to be located, satisfying this element. Second, the search must be justified at its inception. [6-7] Two factors play into whether a frisk is justified at its inception. First, the law enforcement officer must be rightfully in the presence of the party frisked. This is not an issue here, because Faumuina put himself in the presence of the officer. Second, the law enforcement officer must suspect that the party may be armed and dangerous. Use of the word may indicates that this standard is quite low, and considerable deference is afforded law enforcement authorities in this determination. As stated in United States v. Montoya de Hernandez, 473 U.S. 531,541 (1985), this standard is a good deal lower than that of probable cause. The Supreme Court further elucidated this standard in Ybarra v. Illinois, 444 U.S. 85 (1979), wherein it stated that Terry “created an exception to the requirement of probable cause” whereby “a law enforcement officer, for his own protection and safety, may conduct a pat-down to find weapons that he reasonably believes or suspects are then in the possession of the person he has accosted.” SGT Sagapolutele’s testimony indicated a reasonable suspicion that Faumuina was armed, having seen what appeared to be a handgun in Faumuina’s waist pouch. From the circumstances of the day in question, SGT Sagapolutele could also have reasonably believed Faumuina to be dangerous. Faumuina was displeased at having poker machines seized earlier at the Fagatogo market place and persistently followed the team carrying out the inspections for other illegal machines. Even if Faumuina was acting innocently, however, a frisk was justified in this instance. People v. Prochilo, 363 N.E.2d 1380 (1977) held that a frisk was proper where the outline of a gun was visible through clothing, because an arrest and search on probable cause of carrying a concealed weapon could have been made. The situation here is almost identical, because SGT Sagapolutele could have immediately arrested and searched Faumuina on suspicion of carrying a concealed firearm in violation of A.S.C.A § 46.4203 (a)(1). In addition, the court in United States v. $84,000 U.S. Currency, 717 F.2d 1090 (7th Cir. 1983) held that a law enforcement officer could properly frisk a person voluntarily accompanying him to the airport upon observing a suspicious bulge in that person’s clothing. In this case, Faumuina was in the presence of the police officers voluntarily and the handgun made an obvious bulge in Faumuina’s waist pouch. The importance accorded police safety by the courts also argues for the lawfulness of the search. According to the Supreme Court, “the State’s proffered justification—the safety of the officer—is both legitimate and weighty. ‘Certainly it would be unreasonable to require that police officers take unnecessary risks in the performance of their duties.’” Pennsylvania v. Mimms, 434 U.S. 106 (1977). This policy rationale applies equally here. There is no justification for requiring SGT Sagapolutele to risk his life and the lives of his fellow officer and civilian team members because he could not be sure whether Faumuina was displeased enough to use the handgun. Directory: archive archive -> Tr-41. 4-03-05-024 Telecommunications archive -> Gary C. Kessler archive -> Tossups center of the known universe open 1998 Combined packet of Tennessee I and utc blue archive -> PriceWaterhouseCoopers Archive 148 linear feet in 98 record cartons and 4 flat boxes. Biography/History archive -> In this issue archive -> United states archive -> - archive -> The Tropical Rainfall Potential (TRaP) Technique. Part 1: Description and Examples Abstract archive -> United states archive -> Prediction from Weeks to Decades Download 0.95 Mb. Share with your friends:
|