Эумк по дисциплине «иностранный язык (английский)»для студентов заочной формы обучения специальностей

THE COURT SYSTEM OF THE USA

To be part…; … addition; coexist…; to fall… the jurisdiction; to sue… either system; depend… the case; to be resolved… the state court; … the bottom; … the middle; … the top; to take a case… a higher court; to be decided… lower courts; to be known… generalists.

To be complex; to function as part of the system; to be identical; national government; federal courts; coexist; state courts; to fall under the jurisdiction; to sue; to depend on the case; the vast majority; to resolve the case; to be organized in tiers; at the bottom; the US district courts; to begin litigation, the US Supreme Court, to take a case to a higher court, to review cases, a wide array of cases.

39. 
    В Америке система судебных органов подразделяется на федеральную судебную систему и судебную систему штата.
    
40. 
    Верховный Суд может пересматривать решения суда штата.
    
41. 
    Частные лица подпадают под юрисдикцию двух разных судебных систем.
    
42. 
    Большинство дел разрешаются в судах штата.
    
43. 
    По своей структуре федеральные суды напоминают пирамиду, у основания которой находятся окружные суды.
    
44. 
    Аппелировать означает подать иск в высший суд.
    
45. 
    Верховный Суд является судом последней инстанции.
    

The American court system is complex. It functions as part of the federal system of government. Each state runs its own court system, and no two are identical. In addition, we have a system of courts for the national government. These federal courts coexist with the state courts.

Individuals fall under the jurisdiction of two different court systems, their state courts and federal courts. They can sue or be sued in either system, depending mostly on what their case is about. The vast majority of cases are resolved in the state courts.

The federal courts are organized in three tiers, like a pyramid. At the bottom of the pyramid are the US district courts, where litigation begins. In the middle are the US courts of appeals. At the top is the US Supreme Court. To appeal means to take a case to a higher court. The courts of appeals and the Supreme Court are appellate courts, with few exceptions, they review cases that have been decided in lower courts. Most federal courts hear and decide a wide array of cases; the judges in these courts are known as generalists.

46. 
    сосуществовать;
    
47. 
    частные лица;
    
48. 
    суды штатов;
    
49. 
    подать иск;
    
50. 
    федеральные суды;
    
51. 
    подавляющее большинство;
    
52. 
    подпадать под юрисдикцию;
    
53. 
    разрешить дело в судебном порядке;
    
54. 
    ярус;
    
55. 
    Верховный суд;
    
56. 
    судебное разбирательство, тяжба;
    
57. 
    окружные суды;
    
58. 
    высшие суды;
    
59. 
    аппеляционные суды;
    
60. 
    исключение;
    
61. 
    низшие суды;
    
62. 
    рассматривать дело.
    

63. 
    Why is the American court system complex?
    
64. 
    Are state court systems identical?
    
65. 
    Federal courts coexist with the state courts, don’t they?
    
66. 
    In which courts can individuals sue or be sued?
    
67. 
    In what way are the federal courts constructed?
    
68. 
    Name American courts in the descending order.
    
69. 
    Where does litigation begin?
    
70. 
    What does the word «to appeal» mean?
    
71. 
    What do the appellate courts review?
    
72. 
    What are the functions of most federal courts?
    
73. 
    What are the judges in federal courts known as ?
    

74. 
    In the United States the judiciary is divided into the national ( federal ) and state judiciary.
    
75. 
    State judicial systems are similar.
    
76. 
    Federal courts coexist with the state courts.
    
77. 
    Individuals fall under the jurisdiction of one court system.
    
78. 
    Individuals can sue or be sued in both systems.
    
79. 
    The vast majority of cases are resolved in the federal courts.
    
80. 
    The federal courts are organized in two tiers.
    
81. 
    At the bottom of the pyramid are the courts of appeals.
    
82. 
    At the top is the US Supreme Court.
    
83. 
    To appeal means to take a case to a lower court.
    
84. 
    The appellate courts review cases that have been decided in lower courts.
    

85. 
    In the is divided into United States the federal judiciary and state systems.
    
86. 
    Each runs state court system its own.
    
87. 
    The jurisdiction individuals of two fall under different systems courts.
    
88. 
    Criminal and civil cases federal courts hear.
    
89. 
    Majority the vast of cases resolved are courts in the state.
    
90. 
    Three tiers in are organized the federal courts.
    
91. 
    Litigation usually in the US district courts begins.
    
92. 
    To take a case to appeal means to a higher court.
    
93. 
    The judges are known as in federal courts generalists.
    

94. 
    The American court system functions as …….
    
95. 
    Each state runs …….
    
96. 
    These federal courts coexist …….
    
97. 
    Individuals fall under …….
    
98. 
    The vast majority of cases…….
    
99. 
    The federal courts…….
    
100. 
     At the bottom of the pyramid…….
     
101. 
     In the middle are…….
     
102. 
     At the top there is……….
     
103. 
     The appellate courts review…….
     

The federal courts have three tiers: (a) -------------- courts, courts of (b) --------------- and the (c) ----------- Court. The (d) --------------Court was created by the Constitution; all other (e ----------------courts were created by Congress. Most litigation occurs in (f) --------------courts. The structure of (g) --------------- courts variers from state to state; usually there are (h) --------------- for less serious cases, (i) ----------------for more serious cases, intermediate (j) ---------------- courts , and courts of last (k) -------------- . State courts were created by state constitutions.

to resolve; to be organized; to hear; to decide

Federal courts ……….

State courts…………

Legislation ___Britain usually starts ___ the House of Lords, the occasion ___debate, be examined ___ detail ____ a committee, to be returned ___ one ___ the houses ___ the report stage, to go ___ the other house.

The House of Lords, a bill, to be considered in three stages, readings, to introduce the bill, the occasion for debate, to be examined in detail by a committee, report stage, to be amended, amendments, the Commons, to be altered, in the event of persistent disagreement to prevail, reigning monarch, royal assent, to refuse the consent, to veto .

New legislation in Britain usually starts in the House of Lords. In each house a bill is considered in three stages, called readings. The first reading is purely formal, to introduce the bill. The second reading is usually the occasion for debate. After the second reading the bill is examined in detail by a committee.

The bill is then returned to one of the houses for the report stage, when it can be amended. If passed after its third reading, it goes to the other house. Amendments made to a bill by the House of Lords must be considered by the Commons. If the House of Commons do not agree, the bill is altered and sent back to the Lords. In the event of persistent disagreement between the two houses, Commons prevails.

Finally, the bill goes to the reigning monarch for the royal assent. Nowadays the royal assent is merely a formality. In theory the queen could still refuse her consent, but the last monarch to use this power was Queen Anne, who vetoed the unpopular Scottish Militia Bill in 1707.

104. 
     закон; законопроект;
     
105. 
     чтение;
     
106. 
     комитет, комиссия;
     
107. 
     вносить изменения, вносить поправки;
     
108. 
     королевская санкция;
     
109. 
     царствующий монарх;
     
110. 
     преобладать;
     
111. 
     настойчивое несогласие.
     

1. 
   Where does a new legislation start in Britain?
   
2. 
   How many stages does a bill pass?
   
3. 
   Is the first reading formal? What is the first reading for?
   
4. 
   What is the second reading for?
   
5. 
   Who examines the bill in detail after the second reading?
   
6. 
   Where does the report stage take place?
   
7. 
   Where does the bill go to after the third reading?
   
8. 
   Who considers the amendments made to a bill by the House of Lords?
   
9. 
   What happens if the House of Commons do not agree?
   
10. 
    Who prevails in the event of persistent disagreement between the two houses?
    
11. 
    Where does the bill finally go to?
    
12. 
    Is the royal assent merely a formality?
    
13. 
    Could the queen refuse her consent?
    
14. 
    Who vetoed the unpopular Scottish Militia Bill in 1707?
    

1. 
   New legislation in Britain usually starts in the House of Commons.
   
2. 
   In each house a bill is considered in two stages, called hearings.
   
3. 
   The first reading is not formal.
   
4. 
   The second reading is usually the occasion for speech.
   
5. 
   After the third reading the bill is examined in detail by a committee.
   
6. 
   The bill is returned to one of the houses for the report stage.
   
7. 
   If passed after its third reading, it goes to the other house.
   
8. 
   Amendments made to a bill by the House of Commons must be considered by the Lords.
   
9. 
   In the event of persistent disagreement between the two houses, Lords prevails.
   
10. 
    Finally, the bill goes to the reigning monarch for the royal assent.
    
11. 
    Nowadays the royal assent is merely a formality.
    
12. 
    In practice the queen could not still refuse her consent.
    
13. 
    The last monarch to use this power was Queen Anne, who vetoed the popular Scottish Militia Bill in 1707.
    

1. 
   New legislation in Britain usually starts ...
   
2. 
   In each house a bill is considered in …
   
3. 
   The first reading is purely ....
   
4. 
   The second reading is ...
   
5. 
   After the second reading the bill is ...
   
6. 
   The bill is then returned to …
   
7. 
   If passed after its third reading, it goes …
   
8. 
   Amendments made to a bill by the House of Lords must be …
   
9. 
   If the House of Commons do not agree, the bill is …
   
10. 
    In the event of persistent disagreement between the two houses…
    
11. 
    Finally, the bill goes to ...
    
12. 
    Nowadays the royal assent is ...
    
13. 
    In theory the queen could still refuse …
    

1. 
   Make an outline of the text consisting of 5-8 sentences.
   
2. 
   Retell the text according to its outline.