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Space Debris 2NC --- Hurts GPS
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- Space Debris 2NC --- Hurts Satellites
- Space weaponization causes cascading space debris that takes out use of Earth’s orbit
- Space war creates an overwhelming number of space debris that threaten satellites
Space Debris 2NC --- Hurts GPSSpace debris is the biggest threat to GPS systemsAshley 98 – David Ashley, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, May 8 1998, “Risk Assessment of Space Debris Hazards for Global Positioning Spacecraft,” http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA356208&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf Although in an altitude not known for heavy amounts of space debris, the GPS satellite constellation has potential for several types of disabling collisions that shielding will not absorb. The satellites are located in a relatively narrow altitude range of approximately 50 kilometers. Also, the mission lifetime of individual satellites is long and exposes the system to a number of hazards. These hazards include USSPACECOM cataloged objects whose orbits cross GPS orbital altitude, GPS apogee kick motor explosions, the Soviet GLONASS constellation, and inactive GPS satellites. In a 1991 report entitled “Global Positioning System Long-Term Collision Hazards,” M. E. Sorge of the Aerospace Corporation analyzed the potential space debris hazards to the GPS system. Each type of hazard was investigated using available debris information and statistical modeling, and Sorge found that the largest debris risk to GPS is “from inactive GPS satellites which continuously remain in the vicinity of the active constellation.” The results of the study support the current Air Force disposal policy. Iridium-Cosmos collision proves space isn’t big enough to avoid future satellite crashes – controlling space debris is key to prevent collisionsAnsdell 10 – Megan Ansdell, second year graduate student in the Master in International Science and Technology Policy program at the George Washington University’s Elliot School of International Affairs where she focuses on space policy, “Active Space Debris Removal: Needs, Implications, and Recommendations for Today’s Geopolitical Environment,” http://www.princeton.edu/jpia/past-issues-1/2010/Space-Debris-Removal.pdf The second major space-debris creating event was the accidental collision between an active Iridium satellite and a defunct Russian military satellite on February 10, 2009. The collision created two debris clouds holding more than 200,000 pieces of debris larger than one centimeter at similar altitudes to those of the 2007 Chinese ASAT test (Johnson 2009b). It was the first time two intact satellites accidentally crashed in orbit, challenging the “Big Sky Theory,” which asserts that the vastness of space makes the chances of a collision between two orbiting satellites negligible (Newman et al. 2009). Iridium uses a constellation of sixty-six satellites to provide voice and data services to 300,000 subscribers globally. As the company keeps several spare satellites in orbit, the collision caused only brief service interruptions directly after the event (Wolf 2009). Nevertheless, the event was highly significant as it demonstrated that the current population of space objects is already sufficient to lead to accidental collisions, which, in turn, can lead to the creation of more space debris and increased risks to operational space systems. This type of progressive space debris growth is worrisome. The U.S. military, for example, relies on commercial satellites like Iridium for over 80 percent of its wartime communications (Cavossa 2006, 5). Space Debris 2NC --- Hurts SatellitesSpace weapons cause debris, which threatens all satellitesKrepon 5 – Michael Krepon is co-founder of Stimson, and director of the South Asia and Space Security programs. Prior to co-founding Stimson, he worked at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, the US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency during the Carter administration, and in the US House of Representatives, assisting Congressman Norm Dicks. Krepon received an MA from the School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University, and a BA from Franklin & Marshall College. He also studied Arabic at the American University in Cairo, Egypt. 2005, "Space Security or Space Weapons?" www.gsinstitute.org/docs/Stimson_Space_brief.pdf SPACE DEBRIS KILLS Space debris is deadly. Almost 3,500 tons of space debris is orbiting the earth. We now track approximately 8,000 pieces of space junk, including defunct satellites and stray nuts and bolts. No one knows for sure how much debris is in space. Larger objects can be monitored, but even paint chips and small fragments can still be deadly because debris travels through space in low earth orbit at ten times the speed of a rifle bullet. Blowing up satellites can create enormous debris fields that will kill indiscriminately anything in their path, including US and allied satellites, the International Space Station, the Space Shuttle, and the Hubble Space Telescope. Our best efforts to reduce debris will be undermined by the flighttesting and deployment of space weapons. Even if the US chooses non-destructive methods to disable or kill satellites, weaker adversaries may fight by different rules. How dangerous is space debris? A marble-sized piece of debris in low earth orbit would impact a satellite with about the same energy as a one ton safe dropped from the top of a five story building Space weaponization causes cascading space debris that takes out use of Earth’s orbitZhang 5 – Hui Zhang, research associate in the Project on Managing the Atom at Harvard University, December 5, 2005, “Action/Reaction: U.S. Space Weaponization and China,” Arms Control Association, http://www.armscontrol.org/print/1943 China also fears the increasing population of space debris. Such debris, resulting from 50 years of space activity, already poses a considerable hazard to spacecraft. Under U.S. space weaponization plans, this crowding problem could worsen as a large number of space weapons could be deployed in LEO. The launching and testing of weapons would also increase space debris. Moreover, deploying space-based weapons in the increasingly crowded realm of LEO would leave less room for civilian systems. Those problems would also occur during periods of peace. If a number of satellites were to be destroyed during the course of a war, some scientists warn, they would create so much debris that it would prevent future satellites from being stationed in space and generally limit space access. Indeed, pointing to the debris problem, Chinese scientists and officials have said that space weaponization should be considered an environmental threat as well as a security problem. Space war creates an overwhelming number of space debris that threaten satellitesKrepon and Katz-Hyman 5 – Michael Krepon, president and CEO of the Henry L. Stimson Center, Michael Katz-Hyman, research assistant at Stimson, July 2005, “Space Weapons and Proliferation,” Stimson Institute, http://www.stimson.org/images/uploads/research-pdfs/Space_Weapons_and_Proliferation.pdf The last Cold War-era ASAT test was in 1985, when a US F-15 fired a direct homing device against an old Air Force Solwind scientific satellite. The resulting impact created over 250 pieces of space debris that were visible to US space surveillance systems.13 One piece of space junk from this ASAT test came within one mile of the International Space Station.14 Seventeen years later, the last piece of hazardous space junk created by this ASAT test decayed out of low earth orbit.15 As with the earlier atmospheric nuclear tests, during the 1970s and 1980s few appreciated how debris created by ASAT tests could cause harm to one's own or friendly satellites.16 Now there is far greater recognition that space debris is an indiscriminate killer. It remains the biggest threat to satellites, the space shuttle, and the international space station. NASA has preliminarily reported that if another catastrophic accident occurs to the space shuttle, there is a 50 percent chance that it would be the result of space debris.17 Space shuttle windows have needed to be replaced 55 times between 1981 and 1996 due to pits caused by tiny pieces of debris.18 Even in the absence of ASAT tests over the past two decades, the amount of orbital debris has doubled. In a typical year, 150 metric tons of debris, including paint flecks, pieces of rocket boosters, and stray nuts and bolts are added into orbit.19 Over 13,000 objects greater than ten centimeters in diameter are now tracked by US Air Force Space Command.20 With new appreciation for the dangers created by space debris, the international community has begun working on mitigation strategies. Eleven space agencies, including NASA and the European Space Agency, have formed the Inter-Agency Debris Coordination Committee and have published a set of guidelines to mitigate space debris. These worthwhile steps would be overwhelmed if space warfare occurred and produced debris fields. Directory: files files -> Answer True False 2 points Question 2 files -> Integer programming and game theory files -> 4 Integer Programming files -> Bpa vehicle Window Repair Scenario #1 task: Procure vehicle window relacement. Objective files -> Pop Warner History files -> North Carolina Inclusion Initiative Mapping Where Children with ieps are Being Served Purpose files -> Fall 2013 Spring 2014 Program Data: Standard 1 Exhibit 4d files -> Hanban – asia society confucius classrooms network 2010 request for proposal files -> Northern England’s set-jetting locations Download 1.17 Mb. Share with your friends:
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