First, freedom of mobility is a ruse



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Alt=Co-Optation

____ Oppositions to freedom fail, they are co-opted by government


Barry, Osborne & Rose. 1996. [Andrew, lecturer @ Dept. of Scoiology University of London, Thomas, lecturer dept. of sociology university of brostol, nikolas, prof. of sociology @ university of london. Foucault and Political Reason. pg.2]

But if political reason itself is mutating, analysis of politics lags some way behind. It has proved difficult and painful for much political theory and political sociology to abandon the oppositions that have sufficed for so long: State and civil society, economy and family, public and private coercion and freedom. Yet contemporary movements in politics show Just how clumsy and inept such oppositions are: each, in different ways, demands a form of government that combines action by political and non-politlcal authorities, communities and individuals. And the relations of force of power, of subordination of liberation and "responsiblization" of collective allegiance and individual choice that are brought into being in these new configurations are difficult to visualize let alone to evaluate, in the language of orthodoxy. Indeed in a very real sense, it is liberalism itself that is at stake in these new forms of political reason – the peculiar sense in which, for liberalism, freedom was simultaneously the antonym, the limit and the objective of government and the ways in which these relations of liberty and authority were thought through and enacted in western societes over the subsequent 150 years.


Apocalypse Turn

____ Foucault is not a negative argument but an ethos for approaching problems. He explicitly rejects the apocalypticism of your kritik impact as counterproductive crisis rhetoric


Barry, Osborne & Rose. 1996 [Andrew, lecturer @ Dept. of Scoiology University of London, Thomas, lecturer dept. of sociology university of brostol, nikolas, prof. of sociology @ university of london. Foucault and Political Reason. pg. 4-52]

Foucault might be said to approach the question of the present with. a particular ethos but not with any substantive or a priori understanding its status. His concern is not to identify some current, perhaps definitive, "crisis" in the present. Foucault makes no reference to concepts. such as post-fordism, postmodernity, "McDonaldization"or late capitalism that have often been used to characterize a certain kind of break With the past. Nor is he concerned simply with a blanket denunciation of the present. No political programmatics follow automatically from his work in this field. Foucault once argued in an interview, that one of the "most destructive habits of modern thought ... IS that the moment of the present is considered in history as the break, the climax, the fulfilment, the return ofI youth, etc." - confessing that he had himself found himself at ~e~ ~wn into the orbit of such a temptation (Foucault 1989c: 251). But if It IS the case that, for example, the closing pages of Madness and Civilization adopt an unquestionably apocalyptic tone in their pronouncements on the present, and that Foucault himself was to regret the adoption of such apocalyptic tones, in a sense, the conception of the present does retain a certain stability across his work. Above all, one' might say, Foucault was concerned to introduce an "untimely" attitude in our relation towards the present. Untimely in the Nietzschean sense: acting counter to our time, introducing a new sense of the fragility of our time, and thus acting on our time for the benefit, one hopes, of a time to come (Nietzsche 1983: 60, c£ Rose 1993b: 1, Bell 1994-: 155).

Permutation—Politics

____ We can problematize and write the critical histories of the present without giving up on politics and emancipation


Barry, Osborne & Rose. 1996. [Andrew, lecturer @ Dept. of Scoiology University of London, Thomas, lecturer dept. of sociology university of brostol, nikolas, prof. of sociology @ university of london. Foucault and Political Reason. pg.6-7]

Although these theories of the present" address themselves to our political reason, then, this is not in the sense that any specific political prescriptions or proscriptions flow. This does not condemn historians of the present themselves in any way to be without politics or "beyond politics". For there is certainly an ethos of engagement tied to this way of conceiving of the present, one that may itself be historical but should not be despised for that. In his essay on Kant and the Enlightenment, Foucault insists that if modernity connotes anything it is not a period or a mode of experience but an "ethos", a way of orientating oneself to history. Kant's distinction was hardly to have inaugurated this modernity itself, so much as to have posed the question of the present as an issue. Here we find some hints as to Foucault's own understanding of the necessary ethos of the intellectual in the present. FOllqiult highlights Kant's "pragmatisanthropology':, so cli£ferent from the medium of the three Critiques, w .ch opened up a space for Enlightenment not as certainty but as a _ kind of permanent questioning of thep resent, indeed a "commitment to _ uncertainty" (Gordon 1986: 74). As Colin Gordon emphasizes, for Foucault this commitment entailed a novel version of critique itself not so much to establish the limits of thought, but to locate the possible place for transgression ~ibid.: 75). This understanding of the present does not take the anti-Enlightenment stance of other grand genealogies of the present moment. Gordon cites the work of Cassirer, Hayek, Adorno and Horkheimer as instances of genealogical thought linked to a "semiology of catastrophe". But as Foucault himself notes, one "does not [have] to be 'for' or 'against' the Enlightenment" (Foucault 1986: 43). Rather, the style of Foucault's histories of the present owes something to the classical orientation of Tocqueville or Weber, where "the analysis addresses the hazards and necessities of a system, not the unrecognized invasions of an alien, pathological mutation" (ibid.: 78, see also Owen 1994).


Biopower Inevitable

____ Biopower is inevitable


Wright, 2008 (Nathan, Fellow at the Centre for Global Political Economy, “Camp as Paradigm: Bio-Politics and State Racism in Foucault and Agamben”, http://ccjournal.cgu.edu/past_issues/nathan_wright.html)

Perhaps the one failure of Foucault’s that, unresolved, rings as most ominous is his failure to further examine the problem of bio-political state racism that he first raises in his lecture series, Society Must Be Defended. At the end of the last lecture, Foucault suggests that bio-power is here to stay as a fixture of modernity. Perhaps given its focus on the preservation of the population of the nation it which it is practiced, bio-power itself is something that Foucault accepts as here to stay. Yet his analysis of bio-politics and bio-power leads inevitably to state-sanctioned racism, be the government democratic, socialist, or fascist. As a result, he ends the lecture series with the question, “How can one both make a bio-power function and exercise the rights of war, the rights of murder and the function of death, without becoming racist? That was the problem, and that, I think, is still the problem.” It was a problem to which he never returned. However, in the space opened by Foucault’s failure to solve the problem of state racism and to “elaborate a unitary theory of power” (Agamben 1998, 5) steps Agamben in an attempt to complete an analysis of Foucauldian bio-politics and to, while not solve the problem of state racism, at least give direction for further inquiry and hope of a politics that escapes the problem of this racism.


Work In the system

____ Working within the system is the only way to effectively dismantle biopolitics. This solves better than the alternative alone, acting purely locally absent government cannot solve.


Wittman 2006 (John is an assistant professor at UTPA “Biopower and Pedagogy: Local Spaces and Institutional Technologies”, http://compositionforum.com/issue/15/wittmanbiopower.php)

One critical component to the success of biopolitics is that different and sometimes competing institutions, whether they be ideological or material, operate together as a system of coercion rather than force. This is not so much a means of mind control as it is a systematic reorganization of governing technologies. These technologies do not impose regulatory principles as much as governing institutions (re)constitute new social relations that (re)create how to live. Unless this process of biopower is interrupted, people can become so entrenched in institutional logics that those logics and the institutions that support them become invisible. In other words, the threat of biopower is the increasing retreat of analytical thought to cliché forms of thinking. Disrupting the technology of biopolitics is a difficult task, but not an impossible one. Foucault suggests in acting within institutional boundaries “it is quite possible . . . to get to know how it works and to work within it . . . and . . . to carry out in that specific area work that may properly be called intellectual” (“On Power” 107). This includes learning how one is imbedded in a system to gain some perspective on how to act just beyond it. To struggle within real, material everyday circumstances is what Foucault calls the task of the “specific” intellectual, which he opposes to the “universal” intellectual. The specific intellectual must be able to suspend “as far as possible the system of values to which one refers when testing and assessing” (107). The task of the specific individual is to respond to local contingent sites of struggle in the context of the global. It is not to critique specific notions of right and wrong but to uncover how we are produced institutionally. This defrosting of institutional thought gets at the heart of Foucault. Foucault’s work often focused on the notion that human beings can defend against some forms of power. Like James E. Porter and others suggest in their own critique of institutional logic, “Though institutions are certainly powerful, they are not monoliths; they are rhetorically constructed human designs (whose power is reinforced by buildings, laws, traditions, and knowledge making processes) and so are changeable” (611). {5} However, in a short discussion of resistance to biopolitical production, Foucault comments that in doing so “the main objective of these struggles is to attack not so much such-or-such institution of power, or group, or elite, or class but, rather, a technique, a form of power” (Subject 331). As an educator, the importance of biopolitics in education is that the regulation of the social accounts partially for a lack of analytical critique many writing teachers claim to be central in their curriculum. Mas’ud Zavarzadeh makes this point in “The Pedagogy of Totality.” Focusing his criticism on Michael Bérubé’s Ignorance Is a Luxury We Cannot Afford, in his discussion of peoples’ reactions to 9/11 Zavarzadeh suggests that pedagogically “empathy” has been substituted for the “analytical” and that what teachers seek instead of the analytical is “moral clarity.” Producing morally tolerable students (right thinking individuals) has become a staple in transformative pedagogy. {6} This is not to suggest that critical stances in education have not had positive repercussions, but I do think we need to regard them only as initial steps in beginning to understand ourselves as teachers and writers. Pedagogies that are derived from transformative projects are often treated as conclusionary rather than preparatory. Zavarzadeh argues that the “pedagogy of tears is grounded in the notion that social change takes place through a ‘change of heart’: an altering of the affective consciousness of the individual who can help, through philanthropy and faith-based charity, to create a compassionate culture” (40). Transformative pedagogy is largely based on assumptions of tolerance.

Rejection Fails

____ Pure rejection of dominant system recreates the system instantly, Working within the system to fight oppression is key


Johnson PhD in 2004 (Carol, PhD in philosophy, foucault, rogerian argument, and feminist standpoint theory: intersecting discourses concerning welfare reform during the 1990s, pp.23)

Charles Taylor’s examination of Foucault found his rejection of the institutional apparatuses that influence how people perceive and define themselves and the world problematic. According to Taylor, Foucault’s theoretical approach was incomplete because any form of resistance to the subversively dominating systems that do the controlling is by definition created by the very system it rejects, and is therefore invalid. Further, for Taylor, Foucault’s approach left no place for resistance to develop untainted by all that it refused. Though Taylor found that Foucault’s research provided “valuable historical insights,” he critiqued Foucault’s refusal to acknowledge how the system has progressively created opportunities for individuals to collectively take action against oppression (81-2). Taylor discusses Foucault’s theoretical connection to Nietzsche and credits Foucault for requiring his readers to examine how Western ideologies participate in the construction of subject/object identities. But, in the end, Taylor questions whether one really wants to arbitrarily reject the self-reflective epistemology inherent in the Western (Augustinian) tradition (99).


Biopower can be Productive

____ The use of power is not negative- We must stop the rejection of power and embrace its possibilities.


Merquior 1985 (J.G., PhD in sociology from London School of Economics and former professor of political science at the University of Brasilia. “Foucault”: Foucault’s ‘cratology’: his theory of power, pages 108-110)

On the very last page of Discipline and Punish Foucault stresses that 'the power of normalization' is not exercised by the prison alone, but also by our social mechanisms to procure health, knowledge and comfort. Consequently, adds he, 'the fabrication of the disciplinary individual' does not rest only on institutions of repression, rejection and marginalization. The carceral transcends the goal. The study of the prison, therefore, was bound to unfold into an anatomy of social power at large -as well as, inevitably, a reconsideration of our very concept of power. No wonder so many of Foucault's texts and interviews since the mid-seventies expatiate upon the problem of modern forms of domination. By searching for theology of the modern subject, Foucault was automatically defining an angle where knowledge is enmeshed with power. Thus his pursuit of the modern subject through forms of knowledge as well as practices and discourses had to concentrate on what he calls power-knowledge (pouvoir-savoir), a Nietzschean perspective where all will to truth is already a will-to-power. And the more he delved into spheres of practical knowledge on the subject, the more he found technologies of the self waiting for analysis. At the end of the day, as Colin Gordon notes, Foucault developed a concept of power' as able to take the form of a subjectification as well as of an objectification'. I the self as a tool of power, a product of domination, rather than as an instrument of personal freedom -this became Foucault’s main theme after Discipline and Punish. As already indicated, all this problematic presupposed a recasting of the concept of power. Put in a nutshell, it required a theory of productive power. The theory of discursive practices in The Archaeology of Knowledge and L'Ordre du discours remained tied up with too negative a view of power, stressing coercion, prohibition and exclusion. Since Discipline and Punish Foucault changed the focus. Now he warned: 'we must cease once and for all to describe the effects of power in negative terms: it "excludes", it "represses", it "censors", it "abstracts", it "masks", it "conceals". In fact, power produces reality; it produces domains of objects and rituals of .truth. The individual and the knowledge that may be gained of him belong to this production.'

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