Fourth approximation guide
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- MESIC PINE SAVANNA (LITTLE RIVER SUBTYPE)
- MESIC PINE SAVANNA (LUMBEE SUBTYPE)
- River floodplains Coastal Plain River Floodplain Communities SAND AND MUD BAR (BROWNWATER SUBTYPE)
- SAND AND MUD BAR (BLACKWATER SAND BAR SUBTYPE)
- SAND AND MUD BAR (BLACKWATER DRAWDOWN BAR SUBTYPE)
- BROWNWATER LEVEE FOREST (HIGH LEVEE SUBTYPE)
- BROWNWATER LEVEE FOREST (MEDIUM LEVEE SUBTYPE)
- BROWNWATER LEVEE FOREST (LOW LEVEE SUBTYPE)
- BROWNWATER LEVEE FOREST (BAR SUBTYPE)
- BLACKWATER LEVEE/BAR FOREST
- BROWNWATER BOTTOMLAND HARDWOODS (HIGH OAK SUBTYPE)
- BROWNWATER BOTTOMLAND HARDWOODS (LOW SUBTYPE)
- BROWNWATER BOTTOMLAND HARDWOODS (SWAMP TRANSITION SUBTYPE)
- BLACKWATER BOTTOMLAND HARDWOODS (HIGH SUBTYPE)
- BLACKWATER BOTTOMLAND HARDWOODS (LOW SUBTYPE)
MESIC PINE SAVANNA (SANDHILLS SUBTYPE) G2G3 Synonyms: Mesic Pine Flatwoods (Sandhills Subtype); Pinus palustris / Aristida stricta - Sorghastrum nutans - Anthaenantia villosa Woodland (3570). Concept: The Mesic Pine Savanna type covers longleaf pine communities of environments intermediate between sandhills and wet savanna. The Sandhills Subtype covers the typical examples of the Sandhills Region, which differ floristically from the other examples. Distinguishing Features: See above for distinguishing Mesic Pine Flatwoods. The Sandhills Subtype is distinguished from the Lumbee Subtype and the Little River Subtype by the absence of scrub oaks and any appreciable amount of wetland plants. The distinction with the Coastal Plain Subtype is based on floristic differences that are less clear cut, but the two can readily be distinguished by geographic location, as no examples are known in North Carolina outside of their respective geographic areas. Plants that occur in the Coastal Plain Subtype and seldom or never in the Sandhills Subtype include Amorpha herbacea var. herbacea, Carphephorus odoratissimus, Tephrosia hispidula, Desmodium tenuifolium, Liatris graminifolia, and Coreopsis oniscicarpa. Plants that occur in the Sandhills Subtype and seldom or never in the Coastal Plain include Anthaenantia villosa, Paspalum bifidum, Liatris cokeri, and Tridens carolinianus. The Sandhills Subtype generally occurs in small patches, usually in swales surrounded by drier sandhill communities. Comments: The distinction between the Coastal Plain and Sandhills subtypes needs further examination, and may not be warranted. These subtypes share virtually all of their dominant species. MESIC PINE SAVANNA (LITTLE RIVER SUBTYPE) G1 Synonyms: Mesic Pine Flatwoods (Little River Variant); Pinus palustris / Vaccinium elliottii - Clethra alnifolia / Aristida stricta - Panicum virgatum Woodland (3573). Concept: The Mesic Pine Savanna type covers longleaf pine communities of environments intermediate between sandhills and wet savannas. The Little River Subtype covers the rare examples on high river terraces in the Sandhills Region, which contain plants with large differences in typical moisture tolerance, and includes some plants characteristic of floodplains. These communities are presently known only along the Little River. Distinguishing Features: See above for distinguishing Mesic Pine Savannas. The Little River Subtype is distinguished from the Sandhills and Coastal Plain subtypes by having unusual combinations of plants that include some scrub oaks and some wetland species, though the overall "average" is mesic. It is distinguished from the Lumbee Subtype, which also has unusual combinations of species, by the presence of Vaccinium elliottii, absence of Quercus pumila, and location on a river terrace. Examples are currently known only from the Little River, which appears to be geomorphically unique within North Carolina; if they occur elsewhere, they are probably comfined to the Sandhills Region. MESIC PINE SAVANNA (LUMBEE SUBTYPE) G1 Synonyms: Pine Savanna (Lumbee Variant); Pinus palustris - Pinus taeda - Pinus serotina / Quercus marilandica / (Quercus pumila) / Aristida stricta Woodland (3664). Concept: The Mesic Pine Savanna type covers longleaf pine communities of environments intermediate between sandhills and wet savannas. The Lumbee Subtype covers the rare examples on fine-textured soils, which contain plants with large differences in typical moisture tolerance. Its overall flora "averages" mesophytic. These communities are presently known in North Carolina only in Robeson County and its vicinity, in the inner Coastal Plain. Distinguishing Features: See above for distinguishing Mesic Pine Savannas. The Lumbee Subtype is distinguished from the Sandhills and Coastal Plain subtypes by having unusual combinations of plants that include some scrub oaks and some wetland species, though the overall "average" is mesic. It is distinguished from the Little River Subtype, which also has unusual combinations of species, by the absence of Vaccinium elliottii, often by the presence of Quercus pumila, and by location on Coastal Plain flats rather than a river terrace. River floodplains Coastal Plain River Floodplain Communities SAND AND MUD BAR (BROWNWATER SUBTYPE) Synonyms: ? Concept: Type covers communities of sand and mud deposits along rivers throughout the state, where recent deposition, frequent reworking, or frequent scouring prevents development of forest vegetation. Most examples are in the Coastal Plain. Subtype covers examples along brownwater Coastal Plain rivers, where clay deposition and circumneutral water chemistry influence the community. This subtype is only provisional; it is unknown if there are significant vegetational differences between brownwater and blackwater bars. Distinguishing Features: The Sand and Mud Bar type is distinguished by the combination of occurrence on soft sediments along a river shoreline and lack of a well-developed tree canopy. Vegetation ranges from herbs to shrubs, and is usually of fairly low density. The Brownwater Subtype is distinguished by occurring on brownwater rivers. The vegetational distinctions are not known. SAND AND MUD BAR (BLACKWATER SAND BAR SUBTYPE) Synonyms: Panicum rigidulum-Hibiscus moscheutos Herbaceous Vegetation (suggested name) Concept: Subtype covers examples on higher sandy bars along blackwater rivers, usually dominated by Panicum rigidulum. Distinguishing Features: The Typic Sand Bar Subtype is distinguished from the Blackwater Drawdown Bar Subtype by having a clean sand substrate, being exposed except during floods, and having vegetation dominated by Panicum rigidulum or by other tall grasses or forbs. Comments: This subtype is very broadly defined. Brownwater, blackwater, and Piedmont rivers likely should be distinguished as different subtypes. SAND AND MUD BAR (BLACKWATER DRAWDOWN BAR SUBTYPE) Synonyms: Eragrostis hypnoides _ Micranthemum umbrosum _ Lipocarpha micrantha _ (Juncus repens) Herbaceous Vegetation (4241). Concept: Subtype covers examples on lower shorelines of blackwater rivers, typically dominated by Eragrostis hypnoides, Micranthemum umbrosum, Juncus repens, or Lipocarpha micrantha. Distinguishing Features: The Blackwater Drawdown Bar Subtype is distinguished from other subtypes by a wetter environment, soil that is somewhat mucky, exposure only during unusually low water, and dominance by the above species. Comments: This subtype has been observed as a distinctive community only on the Waccamaw River in North Carolina, where it is abundant. Similar sites on the Lumber and Black River are unvegetated, but this community may exist on them in more specialized areas. In all cases, it is best developed on the floors of “backwaters”, small bays off of the main river channel. The examples on the Waccamaw River are unique, with Sabatia kennedyana an important species, and may merit a separate subtype. BROWNWATER LEVEE FOREST (HIGH LEVEE SUBTYPE) G3G5 Synonyms: Celtis laevigata-Fraxinus pennsylvanica-Acer negundo Forest/Asimina triloba/Carex grayi Forest (4740) [possible Platanus occidentalis-Celtis laevigata-Fraxinus pennsylvanica/Lindera benzoin-Ilex decidua/Carex retroflexa Forest (7730) appears redundant with this.] Peet type 14, 17. Coastal Plain Levee Forest (Brownwater Subtype) in part.
Distinguishing Features: Brownwater Levee Forests are generally easily distinguished by their location on the banks of Coastal Plain Brownwater Rivers. They are distinguished from Bottomland Hardwoods communities by having a significant component of the suite of levee species that includes Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Celtis laevigata, Platanus occidentalis, Betula nigra, Acer negundo, and Ulmus americana in other than successional situations. The High Levee Subtype is distinguished from the Medium Levee Subtype by the presence of characteristic species such as Aesculus sylvatica, Lindera benzoin, Laportea canadensis, Nemophila microcalyx, and Corydalis flavula, which may be shared with Piedmont levee communities. It is distinguished from the High Pine Subtype by the lack of a significant pine component.
Synonyms: Fraxinus pennsylvanica-Ulmus americana-Celtis laevigata/Ilex decidua Forest (2427). Peet type 18. Concept: Type covers forests of natural levee deposits along brownwater Coastal Plain rivers, with a significant component of tree species such as Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Celtis laevigata, Platanus occidentalis, Betula nigra, Acer negundo, and Ulmus americana. Subtype covers levees of medium height, typically in the middle Coastal Plain stretches of rivers. Rich-site species and marginal wetland species are minor or absent, plant species richness is generally lower, and very wet species such as Taxodium distichum, Nyssa aquatica, and Carya aquatica are usually present. Aesculus sylvatica, Lindera benzoin, Laportea canadensis, Nemophila microcalyx, and Corydalis flavula are examples of species that are absent in this subtype. Also included is one example dominated by Populus deltoides, with an admixture of levee species. Distinguishing Features: Brownwater Levee Forests are generally easily distinguished by their location on the banks of Coastal Plain Brownwater Rivers. They are distinguished from Bottomland Hardwoods communities by having a significant component of the suite of levee species that includes Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Celtis laevigata, Platanus occidentalis, Betula nigra, Acer negundo, and Ulmus americana in other than successional situations. The Medium Levee Subtype is distinguished from the High Levee Subtype by the absence of characteristic species such as Aesculus sylvatica, Lindera benzoin, Laportea canadensis, Nemophila microcalyx, and Corydalis flavula. It is distinguished from the High Pine Subtype by the lack of a significant pine component. In general, species of wetter sites, such as Carya aquatica, Nyssa aquatica, and Taxodium distichum are present. BROWNWATER LEVEE FOREST (LOW LEVEE SUBTYPE) G3G4 Synonyms: Fraxinus pennsylvanica-Quercus laurifolia-Quercus lyrata-Carya aquatica Forest (4695). Peet type 16 (small part). Concept: Type covers forests of natural levee deposits along brownwater Coastal Plain rivers, with a significant component of tree species such as Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Celtis laevigata, Platanus occidentalis, Betula nigra, Acer negundo, and Ulmus americana. Subtype covers low levees of lower reaches of rivers, where more water-tolerant species such as Quercus lyrata, and Carya aquatica are major components, but characteristic levee species such as those listed above are still significant. Distinguishing Features: Brownwater Levee Forests are generally easily distinguished by their location on the banks of Coastal Plain Brownwater Rivers. They are distinguished from Bottomland Hardwoods communities by having a significant component of the suite of levee species that includes Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Celtis laevigata, Platanus occidentalis, Betula nigra, Acer negundo, and Ulmus americana in other than successional situations. The Low Levee Subtype is distinguished from other subtypes by the dominance of more water-tolerant tree species, particularly Quercus laurifolia, Quercus lyrata, and Carya aquatica, in combination with characteristic levee species such as Platanus occidentalis and Betula nigra. While Taxodium distichum and Nyssa aquatica are generally present, they do not dominate as they do in the Cypress--Gum Swamp type. BROWNWATER LEVEE FOREST (BAR SUBTYPE) G4G5 TNC Name: Betula nigra-Platanus occidentalis/Alnus serrulata/Boehmeria cylindrica (7312). Populus deltoides-Salix caroliniana Forest (7343) and Salix nigra-Fraxinus pennsylvanica Forest (7734) are additional bar forests that have been attributed to North Carolina. Concept: Type covers forests of natural levee deposits along brownwater Coastal Plain rivers, with a significant component of tree species such as Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Celtis laevigata, Platanus occidentalis, Betula nigra, Acer negundo, and Ulmus americana. Subtype covers recent deposits in the middle stages of primary succession from a bar community to one of the subtypes. This category is included provisionally, because it is unclear if such communities actually occur in North Carolina. Similar vegetation sometimes occurs as a narrow bank zone only a few feet wide along many river fronts. Distinguishing Features: Brownwater Levee Forests are generally easily distinguished by their location on the banks of Coastal Plain Brownwater Rivers. They are distinguished from Bottomland Hardwoods communities by having a significant component of the suite of levee species that includes Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Celtis laevigata, Platanus occidentalis, Betula nigra, Acer negundo, and Ulmus americana in other than successional situations. The Birch-Sycamore Successional Phase is distinguished by dominance by Platanus occidentalis or Betula nigra. This phase occurs as part of the primary succession on bars, and may be artificially created by clearing of some of the subtypes of Brownwater Levee Forest. It is not clear is natural occurrences are ever large enough to distinguish as conservation targets. BLACKWATER LEVEE/BAR FOREST provisional Synonyms: Quercus laurifolia-Quercus nigra-Betula nigra/Crataegus viridis (7349) [not in NVC now, unclear why]. Concept: Type covers forests and woodlands on the interior of point bars and along banks of blackwater rivers, with Betula nigra as a significant component. Distinguishing Features: The Blackwater Levee/Bar Forest type is distinguished from Blackwater Bottomland Hardwoods by the presence of more than very small amounts of Betula nigra. This should be associated with a river bank or bar location. It is distinguished from Brownwater Levee Forest by the absence or near absence of Platanus occidentalis, Fraxinus americana, Acer negundo, Acer saccharinum, and other characteristic brownwater species, as well as by location on blackwater rivers. Comments: This type is included provisionally. While the Third Approximation had a Blackwater Subtype of Coastal Plain Levee Forest which was conceived as being analogous to the Brownwater Subtype, well-developed levees have not been found on blackwater rivers. However, meandering reaches of blackwater rivers often have young surfaces which support a levee-like primary successional forest. A narrow bank zone often supports levee species along other parts of rivers. Both situations are generally very limited in area, and it is unlikely that this type will become a strong conservation focus. BROWNWATER BOTTOMLAND HARDWOODS (HIGH OAK SUBTYPE) G3G4 Synonyms: Quercus laurifolia-Quercus michauxii-Liquidambar styraciflua/Carpinus caroliniana Forest (4678). Peet types 5 and 11. Concept: Type covers forests of brownwater river floodplain terraces and ridges other than active natural levees, lacking a significant component of levee tree species. Subtype covers higher examples that lack a significant pine component. Generally dominated by combinations of Quercus michauxii, Quercus pagoda, Quercus phellos, Quercus laurifolia, and Liquidambar styraciflua. Distinguishing Features: Brownwater Bottomland Hardwoods are distinguished by occurrence on floodplains of brownwater rivers, where overbank flooding is, or was in the past, important. This is combined with location away from the river banks or natural levee. The canopy is dominated by oaks and Liquidambar, and characteristic levee species such as Platanus occidentalis, Betula nigra, and Celtis laevigata are generally absent except in disturbed areas. Other levee species such as Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Acer negundo, and Ulmus americana may be present in smaller numbers. In contrast to Nonriverine Wet Hardwood Forests, they generally lack a significant component of acidic wetland shrubs such as Lyonia lucida, Ilex glabra, and Cyrilla racemiflora, and often have Vaccinium elliottii. The High Subtype is distinguished from the High Pine Subtype by the absence of a significant component of pine (less than 25% pine cover). It is distinguished from the Low Subtype by canopy dominance by the more mesophytic bottomland hardwoods such as Quercus michauxii and Quercus pagoda, with only a small component of wetter site species such as Quercus lyrata, Carya aquatica, and Taxodium distichum. Quercus laurifolia may be abundant in all subtypes and does not readily distinguish between them. Comments: Liquidambar styraciflua-Quercus (laurifolia, nigra)-(Pinus taeda)/Arundinaria gigantea/Carex abscondita Forest (7732) has been attributed to North Carolina and probably would be redundant with this subtype. Quercus michauxii-Quercus shumardii-Liquidambar styraciflua/Arundinaria gigantea (2099) may be equivalent to this, or may represent something not in NC. To be included in later description. Understory Carpinus caroliniana. Acer rubrum abundant. Shrub and herb layers very variable; few species with very high constancy in Peet study. Vaccinium elliottii and Vaccinium formosum maybe most constant, plus Mitchella repens, Vitis rotundifolia. The former High Pine-Oak Subtype (Pinus taeda-Quercus (pagoda-michauxii-shumardii) (7550)) has been lumped into this subtype. BROWNWATER BOTTOMLAND HARDWOODS (LOW SUBTYPE) G4? Synonyms: Quercus lyrata-Carya aquatica (7397) Concept: Type covers forests of brownwater river floodplain terraces and ridges other than active natural levees, lacking a significant component of levee tree species. Subtype covers the lowest examples, with dominance by more flood-tolerant species such as Quercus lyrata, Carya aquatica, Ulmus americana, and Quercus laurifolia. Synonyms: Peet types 12 and 13: Acer rubrum-Quercus Lyrata-Quercus laurifolia/Ilex decidua and Acer rubrum-Quercus lyrata-Ulmus americana/Leersia oryzoides. Distinguishing Features: Brownwater Bottomland Hardwoods are distinguished by occurrence on floodplains of brownwater rivers, where overbank flooding is, or was in the past, important. This is combined with location away from the river banks or natural levee. The canopy is dominated by oaks and Liquidambar, and characteristic levee species such as Platanus occidentalis, Betula nigra, and Celtis laevigata are generally absent except in disturbed areas. Other levee species such as Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Acer negundo, and Ulmus americana may be present in smaller numbers. In contrast to Nonriverine Wet Hardwood Forests, they generally lack a significant component of acidic wetland shrubs such as Lyonia lucida, Ilex glabra, and Cyrilla racemiflora, and often have Vaccinium elliottii. The Low Subtype is distinguished from the High and High Pine Subtypes by dominance by Quercus lyrata, Carya aquatica, or Quercus laurifolia, and absence or low numbers of more mesophytic species such as Quercus michauxii and Quercus pagoda. Quercus laurifolia may be abundant in all subtypes and does not readily distinguish between them. BROWNWATER BOTTOMLAND HARDWOODS (SWAMP TRANSITION SUBTYPE) G3G4
Synonyms: Taxodium distichum-Fraxinus pennsylvanica-Quercus laurifolia/Acer rubrum/Saururus cernuus Forest (7719). Concept: Sloughs and edges of backswamps with a mixture of Cypress--Gum Swamp and Bottomland Hardwoods species, generally Quercus lyrata, Taxodium distichum, Populus heterophylla, Fraxinus profunda, and Fraxinus pennsylvanica. Undergrowth is typical of Cypress--Gum Swamp. This subtype is included only provisionally. Distinguishing Features: Brownwater Bottomland Hardwoods are distinguished by occurrence on floodplains of brownwater rivers, where overbank flooding is, or was in the past, important. This is combined with location away from the river banks or natural levee. The Swamp Transition Subtype has less oak than the other subtypes, but Quercus lyrata or Quercus laurifolia are generally abundant. This subtype is transitional to both Cypress--Gum Swamp and Brownwater Levee Forest in its composition, and the component of levee and swamp species is larger than for other subtypes. It is distinguished from levee and swamp communities by the lack of dominance of these species. BLACKWATER BOTTOMLAND HARDWOODS (HIGH SUBTYPE) G3G4 Synonyms: Pinus taeda-Quercus laurifolia/Vaccinium elliottii-Arundinaria tecta (4736). Concept: Type covers forests of blackwater river terraces and ridges, lacking a significant component of levee species. Subtype covers higher examples which have a significant component of Pinus taeda along with bottomland oaks, and lack significant Quercus lyrata. Generally dominated by Quercus laurifolia and Pinus taeda, with varying amounts of Quercus nigra, Quercus michauxii, and Liquidambar styraciflua. Distinguishing Features: Blackwater Bottomland Hardwoods are distinguished by occurrence on blackwater river floodplains, in sites where overbank flooding is, or has been, a significant ecological influence. They are distinguished from Brownwater Bottomland Hardwoods by more acid-loving composition and absence of brownwater species such as Quercus pagoda, Fraxinus americana, and Acer negundo. Most of the plants typical of Blackwater Bottomland Hardwoods are also present in Brownwater Bottomland Hardwoods, but the more acid-loving, such as Persea palustris, Magnolia virginiana, Lyonia lucida, and Cyrilla racemiflora, will be absent. Nonriverine Wet Hardwood Forests may share some of these acid-loving undergrowth plants, but generally are dominated by Quercus pagoda, Quercus michauxii, or Liquidambar styraciflua. The High Subtype is distinguished from the Evergree Subtype by the absence of Quercus virginiana and near absence of Chamaecyparis thyoides. It is distinguished from the Low Subtype and Swamp Transition Subtype by the absence or limited abundance of Quercus lyrata. Comments: This subtype occurs as small to large bodies along the Lumber, Black, and Northeast Cape Fear Rivers. It is apparently replaced by a different subtype on the Waccamaw River. BLACKWATER BOTTOMLAND HARDWOODS (LOW SUBTYPE) G4? Synonyms: Quercus laurifolia-Quercus lyrata/Carpinus caroliniana-Persea palustris/Vaccinium elliottii (4737). Concept: Type covers forests of blackwater river terraces and ridges, lacking a significant component of levee species. Subtype covers lower examples which have a significant component of Quercus lyrata and generally lack a significant component of Pinus taeda. Distinguishing Features: Blackwater Bottomland Hardwoods are distinguished by occurrence on blackwater river floodplains, in sites where overbank flooding is, or has been, a significant ecological influence. They are distinguished from Brownwater Bottomland Hardwoods by more acid-loving composition and absence of brownwater species such as Quercus pagoda, Fraxinus americana, and Acer negundo. Most of the plants typical of Blackwater Bottomland Hardwoods are also present in Brownwater Bottomland Hardwoods, but the more acid-loving, such as Persea palustris, Magnolia virginiana, Lyonia lucida, and Cyrilla racemiflora, will be absent. Nonriverine Wet Hardwood Forests may share some of these acid-loving undergrowth plants, but generally are dominated by Quercus pagoda, Quercus michauxii, or Liquidambar styraciflua. Quercus lyrata is absent from Nonriverine Wet Hardwood Forests. The Low Subtype is distinguished from the High Subtype and the Evergreen Subtype by the significant component of Quercus lyrata. It is distinguished from the Swamp Transition Subtype by having only small numbers of Nyssa biflora and Taxodium distichum, by having an herb layer dominated by more mesophytic species than Saururus cernuus, and generally by a well-developed shrub layer.
Directory: pubs pubs -> Asilomar Conference on Circuits, Systems & Computers, Pacific Grove, ca, November 1978, pp. 55 58 pubs -> Caribbean Environment Programme United Nations Environment Programme pubs -> Chapter # The Complexity of Catastrophic Wind Impact on Temperate Forests pubs -> The Affective Dimension of Pervasive Themes in the Information Technology Curriculum pubs -> The neotectonic setting of Puerto Rico pubs -> B. Uniform Regulation for the Method of Sale of Commodities pubs -> Publications by John Tait pubs -> Contents Bill Rolfe appointed Repatriation Commissioner 2 pubs -> In the high court of justice chancery division patents court Download 383.04 Kb. Share with your friends:
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