Fourth approximation guide
VERNAL POOL MEADOW/SAVANNA (TYPIC SUBTYPE)
Download 383.04 Kb.
|
- Navigate this page:
- VERNAL POOL MEADOW/SAVANNA (SPHAGNUM SUBTYPE)
- SMALL DEPRESSION DRAWDOWN MEADOW/SAVANNA (TYPIC CYPRESS SAVANNA SUBTYPE)
- SMALL DEPRESSION DRAWDOWN MEADOW/SAVANNA (ACID CYPRESS SAVANNA SUBTYPE)
- SMALL DEPRESSION DRAWDOWN MEADOW/SAVANNA (POND MARGIN SUBTYPE)
- SMALL DEPRESSION DRAWDOWN SAVANNA/MEADOW (BOGGY POOL SUBTYPE)
- SMALL DEPRESSION POND (OPEN LILY POND SUBTYPE)
- SMALL DEPRESSION POND (TYPIC MARSH SUBTYPE)
- SMALL DEPRESSION POND (MAIDENCANE SUBTYPE)
- SMALL DEPRESSION POND (CUTGRASS PRAIRIE)
- SMALL DEPRESSION POND (BOGGY MARSH SUBTYPE)
- NATURAL LAKE SHORELINE SWAMP (SWEETGUM SUBTYPE)
- NATURAL LAKE SHORELINE SWAMP (RICH SUBTYPE)
- NATURAL LAKE SHORELINE SWAMP (CYPRESS SUBTYPE)
- NATURAL LAKE SHORELINE SWAMP (LAKE WACCAMAW SUBTYPE)
- NATURAL LAKE SHORELINE MARSH
VERNAL POOL MEADOW/SAVANNA (TYPIC SUBTYPE) G2? Synonyms: Panicum virgatum-Andropogon (capillipes, glaucopsis)-Aristida palustris HV (4100). Vernal Pool (3rd Approximation). Concept: Type covers herb-dominated depressional wetlands with reliably short hydroperiods, which contain wetland plants absent in surrounding communities but lack indicators of deeper water and longer hydroperiod. These communities generally completely fill shallow depressions. Depauperate assemblages of the same plants may occur on the upper edges of some deeper ponds, but only expanses that cover a significant part of a basin or cover a substantial area in a larger basin should be considered this type. The Typic Subtype covers most examples in NC, all those that don’t meet the criteria for the specialized Sphagnum Subtype. There may be a need for further breakdown of this group, but the basis for doing so is unclear at present. Distinguishing Features: The Vernal Pool Meadow/Savanna type is distinguished from other depressional wetlands by the complete absence of plants associated with longer hydroperiods and the presence of plants intolerant of long inundation. Panicum hemitomon, Rhynchospora tracyi, Rhynchospora inundata, Rhynchospora careyana, Leersia hexandra, Coelorachis rugosa, Diodia virginiana, Rhexia aristosa, and Juncus repens are generally absent. (These species may become scarce in wetter communities during drought.) Centella erecta, Panicum verrucosum, Lachnanthes caroliniana, Eleocharis tricostata, and Panicum rigidulum may be present in small numbers, in wet microsites, or during unusually wet periods. The Typic Subtype is distinguished from the Coastal Fringe type by having dominance of plants other than Aristida stricta and Hypericum reductum. Typical plants include Panicum virgatum, Saccharum giganteum, Carex glaucescens, Aristida virgata, Woodwardia virginica, Aristida palustris, Schizachyrium scoparium, and any of several Andropogon species. Trees may include a mixture of Pinus taeda, Pinus palustris, Nyssa biflora, Acer rubrum, or may be absent altogether. VERNAL POOL MEADOW/SAVANNA (SPHAGNUM SUBTYPE) G2? Synonyms: Sphagnum cuspidatum Nonvascular Vegetation (4384). Concept: See above for concept of the type. Subtype covers depauperate examples strongly dominated by Sphagnum spp., with only sparse vascular plants. It is not clear how closely related these communities are to the Typic Subtype. Distinguishing Features: These communities are distinguished from all others by the strong dominance of Sphagnum spp. and near absence of vascular plants in a shallow depressional wetland. SMALL DEPRESSION DRAWDOWN MEADOW/SAVANNA (TYPIC CYPRESS SAVANNA SUBTYPE) G2G3 Synonyms: Taxodium ascendens/Panicum hemitomon-Polygala cymosa (3733). Cypress Savanna (Typic and Depression Meadow variants) (3rd Approximation) (in part). Includes most of subclass 9.2, Cypress-Gum Pond and 9.3 Drawdown Savanna/Meadow of Nifong (1998). Concept: Type covers depressional wetlands with hydroperiods that vary from year to year but are intermediate between those of Vernal Pool Meadow/Savanna and of Small Depression Pond. Water may stand much of the growing season, but in all but the wettest years will dry up. They are too dry to support floating or emergent aquatic plants on a long-term basis, and too wet to support trees other than Taxodium ascendens and Nyssa biflora on a long-term basis (but may be invaded by them temporarily). They may completely fill the depression, or may be present as zones associated with Small Depression Ponds, but the type should only be applied where there is a substantial area. Almost all occur in clay-based Carolina bays or in limesink depressions. The Typic Cypress Savanna Subtype covers examples, typically in clay-based Carolina bays, with diverse herb layers of species typical of mineral soils. Boggy species such as Woodwardia virginica and Carex striata may be present but are not strongly dominant. These communities typically support a mixture of plants that emerge when water goes down and those that grow in the water, but the vegetation may vary drastically from year to year. Distinguishing Features: The Small Depression Drawdown Meadow/Savanna type is distinguished from Small Depression Ponds by combinations of plants characteristic of its intermediate hydroperiod. The dominant plants vary substantially, and overall visible flora should be considered in combination with wetness at the time of observation in classifying these communities. Plants will include some of the more broadly tolerant emergent species, such as Panicum hemitomon and Leersia hexandra, but will lack true aquatics and the more restricted emergents such as Eleocharis equisetoides, Rhynchospora tracyi, and Rhynchospora inundata. The type is distinguished from the Vernal Pool Meadow/Savanna type by the typical absence of less flood-tolerant plants such as Panicum virgatum, Schizachyrium scoparium, and Aristida stricta. Other more upland species, such as Andropogon virginicus, Andropogon capillipes, Andropogon glaucopsis, Eupatorium compositifolium, Eupatorium album, and Pinus taeda may invade during droughts but will not persist for long periods. The Typic Cypress Savanna Subtype is distinguished by occurring in flat-bottomed, relatively shallow basins, and by a diverse and characteristic herbaceous flora that is not dominated by boggy species. The herb layer may include Woodwardia virginica, Carex striata, Sphagnum, and other boggy species, but these will not dominate as they do in the Acid Cypress Savanna Subtype and Boggy Pool Subtype. An open canopy of Taxodium ascendens is usually present unless removed by past disturbance, but some examples have no clear sign of having once had trees. The Pond Margin Subtype may share many of the same plant species, and both it and the Typic Cypress Savanna subtype are extremely variable in their vegetation from place to place and from year to year. Plants that are characteristic of the Typic Cypress Savanna Subtype and uncommon in the Pond Margin Subtype include Coelorachis rugosa, Eriocaulon compressum, Saccharum giganteum, Diodia virginiana, and Hypericum cistifolium. Plants characteristic of the Pond Margin Subtype and not of the Typic Cypress Savanna Subtype include Centella erecta, Lachnanthes caroliniana, Panicum tenerum, Juncus abortivus, and Proserpinaca pectinata. Many plant species, such as Dichanthelium erectifolium, Dichanthelium wrightianum, Polygala cymosa, Rhexia aristosa, Pluchea rosea, Scleria reticularis, Eupatorium leucolepis, and Panicum verrucosum, may be frequent in either subtype. Comments: The 3rd Approximation recognized Typic and Depression Meadow variants of Cypress Savanna, based largely on the presence or absence of a Taxodium canopy or evidence of one in the recent past. Nifong (1998) found only minor floristic differences between the two, and believed that those lacking canopy had once had one that had been eliminated by cutting and lack of seed source. The distinction may be retained at the variant level because of differing opinions about this, but cannot be supported at the subtype level. SMALL DEPRESSION DRAWDOWN MEADOW/SAVANNA (ACID CYPRESS SAVANNA SUBTYPE) G2? Synonyms: Taxodium ascendens/Woodwardia virginica Woodland (4441). Cypress Savanna (3rd Approximation). Taxodium axcendens/Pinus taeda-Acer rubrum-Liquidambar styraciflua/Lindera/Smilax glauca/Carex glaucescens Swamp (9.1.3); Taxodium ascendens/(Nyssa biflora) Swamp (9.1.4) (Nifong 1998). Concept: See above for concept of type. Subtype covers examples in relatively large, flat depressions such as clay-based Carolina bays, with vegetation that is dominated by acid-loving or boggy plants, generally low in species richness. Distinguishing Features: See above for distinction of type. The Acid Cypress Savanna Subtype is distinguished by the combination of occurrence in relatively broad, flat basins and vegetation dominated by acid-loving plants. There is usually an open canopy of Taxodium ascendens or sometimes Nyssa biflora. Woodwardia virginica, Carex striata, and Sphagnum spp. are prominent in the herb layer. The less acid-tolerant species characteristic of the Typic Cypress Savanna Subtype may be present only in small numbers and low diversity. Shrubs may include both pond and pocosin species, but the shrub layer will not be dense and pocosin-like. The Acid Cypress Savanna Subtype is distinguished from the Boggy Pool Subtype by occurring is broad, flat basins, the presence of a well-developed Taxodium or Nyssa canopy, and by a greater species richness. It is distinguished from the Small Depression Swamp (Mixed Subtype) by a more open canopy, well developed herb layer, and absence of a dense shrub layer. It is distinguished from the Small Depression Pocosin Subtype by lacking a dense shrub layer. SMALL DEPRESSION DRAWDOWN MEADOW/SAVANNA (POND MARGIN SUBTYPE) G2? Synonyms: Dichanthelium wrightianum-Dichanthelium erectifolium Herbaceous Vegetation (4105), Small Depression Pond (3rd Approximation). Concept: See above for concept of type. Subtype covers examples in smaller, more steeply sloping depressions, typically limesinks, with diverse herbaceous floras of species associated with mineral soils. They may fill the entire basin or may form a broad zone around a Small Depression Pond community, but the type should only be applied where there is a substantial area. [This is a change from the 3rd Approximation, where drawdown zones associated with deeper ponds were considered part of the Small Depression Pond community.] Distinguishing Features: See above for distinguished the type. The Pond Margin Subtype is distinguished by occurring in smaller, more steeply sloping basins such as limesinks and by having a diverse herb layer not dominated by boggy species. Woodwardia virginica, Carex striata, Sphagnum, and other boggy species may be present, but these will not dominate as they do in the Acid Cypress Savanna Subtype and Boggy Pool Subtype. Vegetation may vary dramatically from year to year and even between seasons within a single year. There is usually no tree canopy, but sparse Taxodium ascendens or Nyssa biflora may be occur. The most difficult distinctions will be with the Typic Cypress Savanna Subtype, with the Vernal Pool Meadow/Savanna type, and with marshy subtypes of the Small Depression Pond type. The Typic Cypress Savanna Subtype may share many of the same plant species, and both it and the Pond Margin Subtype are extremely variable in their vegetation from place to place and from year to year. Plants that are characteristic of the Typic Cypress Savanna Subtype and uncommon in the Pond Margin Subtype include Coelorachis rugosa, Eriocaulon compressum, Saccharum giganteum, Diodia virginiana, and Hypericum cistifolium. Plants characteristic of the Pond Margin Subtype and not of the Typic Cypress Savanna Subtype include Centella erecta, Lachnanthes caroliniana, Panicum tenerum, Juncus abortivus, and Proserpinaca pectinata. Many plant species, such as Dichanthelium erectifolium, Dichanthelium wrightianum, Polygala cymosa, Rhexia aristosa, Pluchea rosea, Scleria reticularis, Eupatorium leucolepis, and Panicum verrucosum, may be frequent in either subtype. This subtype may be especially difficult to distinguish from the Vernal Pool Meadow/Savanna type and marshy subtypes of the Small Depression Pond type. The wetter Small Depression Ponds have a mucky soil that results from being flooded most of the time. This should be visible even during droughts when ponds may be dry. During unusually wet periods Small Depression Drawdown Meadow/Savannas may remain flooded; the less flood-tolerant plants may not be visible and rhizomatous marsh graminoids may expand and become dominant. These communities will still lack the more flood-tolerant plants that are slower to invade and will lack a mucky soil. It will generally help to know whether water levels are higher or lower than usual and to interpret communities in light of this. Vernal Pool Meadow/Savanna communities will contain less flood-tolerant perennial plants, such as Panicum virgatum, Andropogon spp., and even Pinus palustris and Aristida stricta. SMALL DEPRESSION DRAWDOWN SAVANNA/MEADOW (BOGGY POOL SUBTYPE) G2 Synonyms: Woodwardia virginica/Sphagnum cuspidatum Herbaceous Vegetation (4475), Small Depression Pond (3rd Approximation). Concept: See above for concept of type. This subtype covers examples in relatively small, more steeply sloping depressions, such as limesinks, with vegetation dominated by boggy species. Trees and shrubs are generally absent or sparse.
Synonyms: Nymphaea odorata-Nuphar lutea ssp. advena-(Nymphoides aquatica-Xyris smalliana) Herbaceous Vegetation (4326). Nymphaea Pond (3.0.1) (Nifong 1998). Concept: Type covers depressional wetland communities with permanent or near permanent water, supporting emergent or floating-leaf aquatic vegetation. This differs from the 3rd Approximation, where the Small Depression Pond type covered all zones in basins that contained permanent or near permanent water in their center. Subtype covers the deepest examples, dominated by floating-leaf aquatic plants. Distinguishing Features: Small Depression Ponds are distinguished from other small depressional wetlands by flooding that is permanent or near permanent, and the vegetation and soils that results from it. Soils are generally mucky, unlike the mineral soils of most of the drawdown communities. Vegetation is dominated in the long term either by floating aquatic palnts such as Nymphoides aquatica, Nymphaea odorata, Nuphar lutea ssp. advena, Utricularia spp., or by emergent marsh plants such as Eleocharis equisetoides, Eleocharis elongata, Eleocharis melanocarpa, Rhynchospora tracyi, Rhynchospora inundata, Rhynchospora careyana, Panicum hemitomon, Leersia hexandra, and Panicum verrucosum. Trees and shrubs are absent or sparse. These communities are generally surrounded by Small Depression Drawdown Meadow/Savanna, Small Depression Pocosin, or Vernal Pool Meadow/Savanna communities in drier parts of the basin. The Small Depression Pond type is distinguished from Natural Lake Shoreline by occurring in small, shallow depressions, where emergent or floating vegetation is generally able to occur all the way across and where wave action is not significant. The Open Lily Pond Subtype is dominated by floating-leaf aquatic plants without a large component of emergents. It may occur with other subtypes that are dominated by emergents. This subtype should not be classified unless it covers a major part of the basin or covers a large area in a larger basin. SMALL DEPRESSION POND (TYPIC MARSH SUBTYPE) G3? Synonyms: Panicum hemitomon-Eleocharis equisetoides-Rhynchospora inundata Herbaceous Vegetation (4127). Concept: See above for concept of type. Subtype covers examples, generally in limesink basins, in which a variety of emergent graminoids dominate but the flora is not substantially boggy. Distinguishing Features: This subtype is distinguished from the Open Lily Pond Subtype by the dominance of emergent plants. It is distinguished from the Cutgrass Subtype by the absence or scarcity of Leersia hexandra. It is distinguished from the Maidencane Subtype by having a more diverse flora that includes large amounts of plants other than Panicum hemitomon (which may also be abundant). It is distinguished from the Boggy Marsh Subtype by lacking Sphagnum or having it only in small amounts, and generally by higher species richness that includes species less tolerant of extremely acid conditions. This subtype should generally not be classified in the same depressions as other emergent subtypes. SMALL DEPRESSION POND (MAIDENCANE SUBTYPE) Synonyms: Panicum hemitomon HV $$$4. Panicum hemitomon Marsh (4.0.2) (Nifong 1998). Concept: See above for type concept. Subtype includes relatively depauperate examples that are strongly dominated by Panicum hemitomon. Distinguishing Features: See above for distinguishing the type. The Maidencane subtype is distinguished by strong dominance by Panicum hemitomon and the absence or scarcity of characteristic plants of the other subtypes. Most other subtypes of this type, plus some of the Small Depression Drawdown Meadow/Savanna and a few of the Vernal Pool Meadow/Savanna type may also sometimes have abundant Panicum hemitomon. This subtype should be classified only for basins that lack other emergent subtypes. SMALL DEPRESSION POND (CUTGRASS PRAIRIE) Synonyms: Leersia hexandra-(Panicum verrucosum, Scleria reticularis) HV ($$$1) Leersia Prairie (2.0.1), Leersia/Panicum verrucosum Prairie (2.0.2), Pinus taeda/Panicum hemitomon/Leersia "successional prairie" (2.0.3) (Nifong )
Synonyms: No TNC association. Eleocharis quadrangulata-Rhynchospora inundata-Rhynchospora sp. 1/Sphagnum Marsh (4.0.1) (Nifong 1998). Concept: Subtype covers marshy examples with more muck in the soil and substantial amounts of Sphagnum spp. and other bog species. Distinguishing Features: The Boggy Marsh Subtype is distinguished by vegetation dominated by emergent graminoids but containing substantial Sphagnum cover and large amounts of other acid-tolerant plants. Characteristic plants include Carex striata, Woodwardia virginica, Eleocharis quadrangulata, Eleocharis equiestoides, Rhynchospora inundata, Juncus abortivus, Xyris fimbriata, and Eriophorum virginianum. FLOATING BOG G1? Synonyms: Rhynchospora alba Saturated HV 4463 Concept: Type covers the rare communities developed on floating vegetation mats in deep water. They may occur in limesink depressions, natural or artificial impoundments. Vegetation consists of bog plants that usually includes a mixture of species shared with northern quaking bogs and pocosins. Distinguishing Features: Floating Bogs are distinguished by their substrate, which is floating organic mats over water. Characteristic species are Rhynchospora alba, Dulichium arundinaceum, Triatenum virginicum, Eleocharis baldwinii, Sarracenia rubra, Sarracenia flava, Chamaedaphne calyculata, and Sphagnum cuspidatum. The few examples vary significantly from each other. NATURAL LAKE SHORELINE SWAMP (SWEETGUM SUBTYPE) G1 Synonyms: Liquidambar styraciflua / Persea palustris Forest (4481). Concept: Type covers tree-dominated vegetated wetland vegetation on the shores of medium to large permanent natural lakes. It extends inland to where the effect of lake hydrology on vegetation is replaced by the hydrology of the surrounding area, either upland or wetland. Subtype covers examples on peatland lakes, dominated by Liquidambar styraciflua, with an acid-tolerant flora.
Synonyms: Taxodium distichum _ Liquidambar styraciflua _ Platanus occidentalis / Asimina triloba Forest (4424). Concept: Subtype covers the very rare examples with richer flora, generally containing abundant Liquidambar styraciflua but also a diversity of other species, including a number in all strata indicative of richer soils. Distinguishing Features: The Rich Subtype is distinguished by a relatively diverse flora with a number of species of richer, less acidic wetlands, many of them shared with brownwater river floodplain communities. This subtype is known only from the north shore of Lake Phelps and, more marginally developed, the north shore of New Lake. NATURAL LAKE SHORELINE SWAMP (CYPRESS SUBTYPE) G3 Synonyms: Taxodium distichum _ Taxodium ascendens / Panicum hemitomon Woodland (4466) Concept: Subtype covers wetter examples dominated by Taxodium distichum or Taxodium ascendens, usually with an open woodland or savanna canopy. Distinguishing Features: The Cypress Subtype is distinguished from the Lake Waccamaw Subtype and Rich Subtype by having limited species richness, with few herbs present. It is distinguished from Nonriverine Swamp Forest by having lake hydrology, with more permanent water and wave action. NATURAL LAKE SHORELINE SWAMP (LAKE WACCAMAW SUBTYPE) G1 Synonyms: Taxodium distichum _ Taxodium ascendens / Panicum hemitomon _ Sclerolepis uniflora Woodland (4465). Concept: Subtype covers the one known example on a lake with somewhat calcareous waters – Lake Waccamaw. The vegetation resembles that of the Cypress Subtype but has a distinctive and richer flora. Distinguishing Features: This subtype is distinguished by the presence of numerous plant species not found in other subtypes, including Sclerolepis uniflora, .... The presence of the endemic animals of Lake Waccamaw at seasonal high water levels also makes it distinctive. NATURAL LAKE SHORELINE MARSH Synonyms: ?? Concept: Type covers herb-dominated wetlands on the shores of medium to large Coastal Plain lakes. Distinguishing Features: This type is distinguished from all others by the combination of lake hydrology and herbaceous dominance. It is distinguished from Small Depression Pond communities by the permanent flooding and size of the lake, with attendant wave action and presence of fish-dominated lake fauna at high water. Directory: pubs pubs -> Asilomar Conference on Circuits, Systems & Computers, Pacific Grove, ca, November 1978, pp. 55 58 pubs -> Caribbean Environment Programme United Nations Environment Programme pubs -> Chapter # The Complexity of Catastrophic Wind Impact on Temperate Forests pubs -> The Affective Dimension of Pervasive Themes in the Information Technology Curriculum pubs -> The neotectonic setting of Puerto Rico pubs -> B. Uniform Regulation for the Method of Sale of Commodities pubs -> Publications by John Tait pubs -> Contents Bill Rolfe appointed Repatriation Commissioner 2 pubs -> In the high court of justice chancery division patents court Download 383.04 Kb. Share with your friends:
|