Free International University of Moldova Faculty of Letters Department of Germanic Languages Zinaida Cameneva syntheses in Linguistics Suport de curs la disciplina "Lingvistica" Chişinău – 2014
Download 452.27 Kb.
|
- Navigate this page:
- Bibliography
english GlossaryAcoustic. Relating to sound or the sense of hearing. Agglutinative language. A language in which the words typically contain a linear sequence of formatives (roots and affixes), such as Turkish and Japanese. Allomorph. Any of two or more actual representations of a morpheme such as the plural endings [s] (books), [z] (pens), [iz] (buses). Analytic language. A type of language in which words are invariable, and syntactic relationships are shown by word order. Ancestor. A person, typically one more remote than a grandparent, from whom one is descinded. Applied linguistics. The academic discipline concerned with the relations of knowledge about language to decision making in the real world. Behaviorism. The theory that human and animal behaviour can be explained in terms of conditioning, without appeal to thoughts or feelings, and that psychological disorders are best treated by altering behaviour patterns. Cognate. Having the same linguistic derivation as another representing the same original word or root (f.e. English father, German Vater, Latin Pater). Collocation. A frequent combination of words, e.g. "provide assistance". Communicative approach. An approach to language teaching which views the ability to communicate successfully as both the means and the end of language learning. Comparative linguistics. A branch of linguistics which makes statements concerning the characteristics of different languages (especially those believed to have a common origin) or different historical states of a language. Comparative method. The comparison of forms taken from cognate languages to determine the nature of their historical relationship. Competence. A person's unconscious knowledge of his/her language, specifically of the system of rules which has been mastered, enabling the person to produce and understand an indefinite number of sentences and recognize grammatical mistakes and ambiguities. Composition. The act of putting things together; formation or construction. Computational linguistics. A branch of linguistics in which computational techniques and concepts are applied to the elucidation of problems in linguistics and phonetics. Confrontation. A hostile or argumentative situation or meeting between two or more opposing parties. Constituent. A linguistic unit which is a component of a larger construction. Context. The parts of a spoken or written utterance near or adjacent to a unit which is the focus of attention. The meaning of a word for example is clear only when it is seen in the context of the neighbouring words. Copenhagen School. A group of linguists who constituted the Copenhagen Linguistic Circle in the mid-1930s. Its main theoretician was Louis Hjelmslev (1899-1965). The school developed a philosophical basis for the linguistic theory which won and surpassed until the formalization introduced by generative grammar. Critical linguistics. A developed branch of linguistics which aims to reveal the hidden power relations and ideological processes at work in spoken or written texts. Data. Phenomena which constitute the subject matter of equity. Deficiency. A lack or shortage in glottochronology. The use of statistical data to date the divergence of languages from their common source. Derivation. The major category of word formation. The domain of derivational morphology. Description. The practice of describing the varieties of a language without making value judgements about them or saying which variations are correct. Descriptive grammar. It provides a precise account of actual usage. Dialect. Regional and social-class variety of a language which differs from the standard in pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary. Eardrum. The membrane of the middle ear which vibrates in response to sound waves. Environment. The surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates; the setting or conditions in which a particular activity is carried on. Equivalence. A relationship of equality of power among grammars. Ethnolinguistics. A branch of linguistics which studies language in relation to its cultural context, often subsumming the concerns of anthropological linguistics. Etymology. The study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words; a branch of historical linguistics. Extralinguistic. 1) Description of anything in the world in relation to which language is used – the extralinguistic situation. 2) Description of properties of communication that are not clearly analysable in linguistic terms, such as gestures and tones of voice. Family of languages. A set of languages deriving from a common ancestor, or “parent”. An example is the Indo-European family which consists of such “daughter” languages as Sanskrit, Greek and Latin. Family tree. It was devised by nineteenth-century philologists in order to represent these relationships. Frequency. The rate of happening often. Functional linguistics. The study of the forms of language with reference to their social function in communication. Fusion. The process or result of joining two or more things together to form a single entity. Fusional (adj.). Being joined. Genetic classification. The classification of languages on the basis of the hypothesis that they have a common origin. Geographical linguistics. A branch of linguistics which studies languages and dialects in terms of their regional distribution; more usually referred to as areal linguistics. Glossematics. The approach developed by the linguists of the Copenhagen Linguistic Circlle. Grammar. An analysis of the structure of a language encountered in a corpus of speech or writing or as predictive of a speaker's knowledge. Idiolect. The linguistic system of an individual person. Immediate constituent analysis. The analysis of a syntactic construction into its major parts (constituents). Incorporating language. A type of language which uses long, morphologically complex word forms; also called polysynthetic language. Many American Indian languages are of this type. Inflecting language. A type of language where words display grammatical relationships morphologically, using a system of prefixes, suffixes or infixes (Latin, Greek and Arabic). Isolating language. A type of language in which words are typically invariable, syntactic relationships are primarily shown by word order. Chinese, Vietnamese, and many languages of south-east Asia are isolating languages. Isomorphic. Corresponding or similar in form and relations; having the same form. Language. The act of speaking, writing or signing in a given situation; often referred to by the French term “parole”. Laryngeal. Of or relating to the larynx; sound made in the larynx with the vocal cords partly closed and partly vibrating. Larynx. The hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holding the vocal cords in human and other mammals; the voice box. Learnability. A suggested defining property of human language, referring to the way, any language can be acquired by a normal child given the opportunity to do so. Level. A major dimension of the structural organization of language. The notions of sentence, clause, phrase, word and morpheme can be described as different grammatical levels. Lexicography. The planning and compiling of both monolingual and bilingual dictionaries. Linguist. A student or practitioner of the subject of linguistics. Linguistic competence. Knowledge of the grammar of a language as distinct from its actual use. Linguistics. The academic discipline concerned with the study of language in general, the scientific study of language. Lungs. A pair of organs situated within the ribcage, consisting of elastic sacks with branching passages into which air is drawn, so that oxygen can pass into the blood and carbon dioxide be removed. Machine translation. The use of computer programs to provide a rough basis how a given stretch of one language might be translated into another. Mathematical linguistics. A branch of linguistics which studies the mathematical properties of language, usually employing concepts of a statistical or algebraic kind. Merge. Combine or cause to combine to form a single entity, especially a commercial organization. Morpheme. The minimal distinctive unit of grammar, and the central concern of morphology. Morphology. The branch of grammar which studies the structure of words. Natural approach. Language “teaching” without explanation, grading or correction of errors, but only the presentation of “meaningful input”. Neogrammarians. A nineteenth-century school of thought in comparative philology, initiated by the German scholars K. Brugman (1848-1919) and S.A.Leskien (1840-1916). The name comes from the translation of German Junggrammatiker (young grammarians). Pharynx. The membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the esophagus. Pitch. The quality of a sound governed by the rate of vibrations producing it: the degree of highness or lowness of a tone. Postposition. A word or morpheme placed after the word it governs. Pragmatism. An approach that assesses the truth of meaning of theories or beliefs in terms of the success of their practical application. Prague school. The views and methods of the Linguistic Circle of Prague, and of the scholars it influenced. The Circle was founded in 1926 by Vilem Mathesius (1882-1946) and included such linguists as Roman Jakobson (1896-1983) and Nikolai Trubetskoy (1890-1938). Its main emphasis, following the influence of Ferdinand de Saussure, was on the analysis of language as a system of functionally related units. Pressure. The physical force exerted on or against an object by something in contact with it. Proto-. 1) A prefix used in historical linguistics to refer to a linguistic form or state of a language said to be the ancestor of attested forms or languages as in the case of Proto-Indo-European or Proto-Germanic. 2) A prefix sometimes used in the study of child language acquisition for a pre-linguistic stage in the development of language. Psycholinguisics. The study of language and the mind: the mental structures and processes which are involved in the acquisition and use of language. Quantitative linguistics. A branch of linguistics which studies the frequency and distribution of linguistic units, using statistical techniques. Reconstruction. The action or process of being rebuilt after being damaged or destroyed. Reduplication. Doubled again. Resemblance. The state of being alike. Retention. The fact of keeping something in one's memory; the continued possession, use or control of something. Semantics. The branch of linguistics with specific responsibility for the investigation of meaning. Signified. The meaning or idea expressed by a sign, as distinct from the physical form in which it is expressed. Signifier. A sign's physical form (such as a sound, printed word, or image) as distinct from its meaning. Sociolinguistics. The study of the relation between language and society: how social factors influence the structure and use of language. Sound. Vibrations that travel through the air or another medium and can be heard when they reach a person's or an animal's ear. Standard. The variety of a language used in written communication, taught in school, and codified in dictionaries and grammar books. Stress. Emphasis given to a particular syllable or word in speech, typically through a combination of relatively greater loudness, higher pitch, and longer duration. Symbiosis. Interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both. Syncretism. The merging of different inflectional varieties of a word during the development of a language. Syntax. The study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences and other constructions in a language. Synthetic language. A type of language in which words typically contain more than one morpheme: examples include Greek, Latin and Turkish, Synthetic languages include agglutinative and inflecting languages. System. The notion of paradigmatic relationship (given by M.A.K. Halliday). Taxis. The systematic arrangement of units in linear sequence at any linguistic level. The commonest terms based on this notion are phonotactics, for the sequential arrangement of sounds; morphotactics, for the sequencing of morphemes; and syntactics, for the sequencing of higher grammatical units than the morpheme. Text. A piece of naturally occurring spoken, written, or signed discourse identified for purposes of analysis. Textlinguistics. The study of the defining properties of texts. Tone. A particular pitch pattern on a syllable used to make semantic distinction (in Chinese); (in English) intonation on a word or phrase used to add functional meaning. Trachea. A large membranous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage, extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and conveying air to and from the lungs. Transformation. A formal linguistic operation which enables two levels of structural representation to be placed in correspondence. Typology. A branch of linguistics which studies the structural similarities between languages, regardless of their history, also called typological linguistics. Ultimate constituent. The irreducible elements which result from the constituent analysis known as the ultimate constituents (Ucs). Universal. A property claimed to be characteristic of all languages – a defining property of language. Also called a linguistic universal. Universal grammar. The grammatical properties shared by all human languages. Usage. The speech and writing habits of a community, especially as presented descriptively with information about preferences for alternative linguistic forms. Utterance. A stretch of speech about which no assumptions have been made in terms of linguistic theory. Variety. A system of linguistic expression whose use is governing by situational variables, such as regional, occupational or social class. Bibliography
Directory: Litere Litere -> Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822) Litere -> Institute of linguistic and intercultural studies chair of applied modern languages in economics and law Litere -> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Download 452.27 Kb. Share with your friends:
|