Guide for Chapter 17 – China Develops a New Economy

Goal: To understand the causes and effects of growth of China’s economy during the Song dynasty

*China’s economy grew during the ___________ dynasty – 960-1279 C.E.

*Changes in agriculture, particularly a boom in the production of __________, and an increase in trade and _____________ led to a time of great economic prosperity.

*These changes fostered ______________ or the growth of cities. During medieval times, China’s cities ____________ Medieval European cities.

*Farmers moved to the _____________ basins of the Chang ______________ river in southern China. Wars and attacks from _______________ drove people south.

*Northern farmers cultivated __________ and millet which grew well in a cold, dry climate. Southern farmers grew _______________ which thrived in the wet and warm climate.

*It took ___________ months for a rice crop to mature from planting to harvest. Sometimes droughts and _____________, violent storms, destroyed the crops.

*In the 11^th century, a new kind of rice, which was drought ____________ and matured in _______ months instead of five, was introduced to China.

*Define the following:

*harrow –

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*chain pump –

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Improved farming ______________ and tools further increased farm production. An improved plow and _____________ made it easier to prepare the fields for planting. Farmers began using _____________ to grow bigger crops. A ________ pump helped irrigate fields. ___________ were used to grow crops on hillsides.

Characteristics of the New Agriculture

*Rice grows in flooded fields called _____________. At first the rice grows in seedbeds and is then ___________________ by hand to the paddies. The rice paddy has to be constantly watered and __________.

*The Chinese also grew tea, cotton, sugar and _______________ trees to feed silkworms.

Results of Agricultural Changes

*The increased production of food led to a growth in China’s _______________ which exceeded 100 million people.

*With ample food, people could make goods such as silk, __________ cloth, and other products to sell and trade. Rice farmers could ___________ the extra rice they produced. Wealthy landowners could purchase ____________ goods.

17.3 The Growth of Trade and Commerce

*Define the following:

*barge –

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*currency –

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Rice, silk, tea, jade and porcelain traveled along trade routes to India, _____________ and Europe.

Reasons for Growth in Trade and Commerce

*Wealthy landowners were eager to buy _____________. This encouraged both traders and the _____________ who made the luxury goods.

*________________ transportation made shipment of large quantities of goods cheaper and faster. A ____________ could travel 45 miles a day, while an oxcart could only travel 25 miles a day.

*Navigational charts, diagrams and the magnetic ___________ made it easier for sailors to find their way on long voyages.

*The widespread availability of ______________, in the form of paper money and copper coins further encouraged trade and commerce.

Characteristics of China’s Commercial Growth

*A __________ shop is where merchants trade long strings of copper coins for paper money. If someone counterfeits (prints fake) paper money they will have their ________ cut off!

*Chinese sailing vessels are called ___________.

Results of Growth in Trade and Commerce

*The ____________ class grew as a result of the increase in trade and commerce.

*The increased prosperity brought China the highest ____________ of living in the world.

17.4 Urbanization

*China’s cities were the _____________ in the medieval world. The city of Hangzhou had a population of ___ ______________ people.

*People were encouraged to move to cities because they could make a living as merchants, traders, _____________, and shopkeepers.

*The cities were ___________ with people.

*In the market area you might find, silk, silver, pearls, food items, fans, _______________ and porcelain for sale. In the entertainment area, you might find musicians, jugglers, ____________ and puppeteers performing outdoors. There are also theaters, _____________, wine shops and teahouses.

*The Chinese practiced ___________ binding to make the feet of women smaller as small feet were considered attractive.

*Urbanization changed the way ordinary Chinese lived by providing ______________ centers of activity for work, trade and socializing.

*Urbanization stimulated culture by giving artists an audience of _____________, leisured people.

Name_________________________

Class Period_________________________

Eng – Social Studies

Guide for Chapter 18 – Chinese Discoveries and Inventions

Goal: To understand the discoveries and inventions of the Chinese and their impact on civilization

*Many of the Chinese inventions and discoveries came during the __________ and ____________ dynasties.

*A compass is a ________________ needle that aligns itself with the Earth’s magnetic poles so that one end points north and the other south.

18.2 Exploration and Travel

Improving Travel by Sea

*The Chinese developed their first compass as early as the ____________ century B.C.E. The first compasses used _____________. The Chinese later used ___________ needles which were magnetized by rubbing the needle on loadstone.

*The compass is useful for long sea voyages because one can figure out ___________ even without a landmark or a point in the sky to steer by.

*The Chinese built their ships with ________________ compartments. If there was a leak in one compartment, the other compartments would keep the ship ___________.

*A____________________ boat moves a ship forward by the use of a wheel with paddles attached around it. As the paddlewheel turns, the paddles move _______________ through the water, pushing the boat forward.

*Define the following:

*canal lock –

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*segmental arch bridge-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*A ____________ lock allows boats to reach a higher level. A __________ was lowered in the lock so the water level could be raised or lowered to the next level. Canal locks are still used today, including the __________ Canal in Central America.

*A ______________ arch bridge is different than a Roman bridge. Roman designed bridges rested on arches that were ________-____________. Chinese bridges used arches that were a _____________ part or ____________ of a circle. Chinese bridges were stronger and required ____________ material to build.

18.3 Industry

Paper

*The Chinese invented the art of _________________ by the second century C.E. The bark of _____________ trees were thought to be used to make the first paper.

*The knowledge of papermaking spread from China to Japan, across _________ Asia and finally to Europe after 1100 C.E.

Printing

*The Chinese invented a technique called _________________ printing in the 7^th century. The printer drew ___________ on paper. The paper was glued to woodblocks and the wood around the characters was ____________ out. The characters were left _____________ on the wood. The characters could be covered with black _________ and paper could be brushed on the woodblocks, leaving an image of the characters on the paper.

*By the 10^th century, the Chinese started printing modern-style ______ with pages.

*Define – moveable type-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Moveable type consists of _______________ blocks for each character. The moveable type was made of ____________. The type was placed in an __________ frame. When finished, the type could be _____________ for the next printing job. This dramatically _____________ the cost of printing and made written material more widely available.

*Define the following:

*porcelain –

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*mass-produce –

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*________________ is a type of fine pottery made by combining clay with the rocks quartz and __________________. It was baked in a _____________ or oven at very high temperatures. The pottery is white, hard and _________________.

*By the 10^th century, pictures were _____________ on the porcelain pieces and colored ____________ were used to decorate the porcelain. Workers ___________-_____________ dishes, bowls and vases.

*Fine dinnerware is still referred to as ____________.

Steel

*The Chinese first made steel before __________B.C.E.

*Steel is less ____________ than iron and easier to bend into shapes.

*The Chinese first made steel by blowing __________ onto molten cast iron creates steel. In the 5^th century, the Chinese made steel by mixing cast iron with ________ iron under high heat.

18.4 Military Technology

*Define the following:

*Gunpowder –

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Alchemy –

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Catapult –

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Alchemists experimented with natural substances in their search for a substance that would allow people to live ______________ and to turn cheaper metals into _____________.

*Alchemists’ experiments with a salty, white mineral, ________________, led to the discovery of gunpowder.

*In the 10^th century, the Chinese made ______________ out of gunpowder and oil. They used it to spray enemies with a ____________ of fire.

*Between the 11^th and 14^th centuries, the Chinese made ___________ shells with gunpowder. A _________________ launched the shells which then exploded when they landed. Small bombs called _____________ were lit and thrown by hand.

*Knowledge of gunpowder reached Europe by the ____________.

*Rockets which used black powder made from saltpeter, charcoal, and __________ were developed. The Chinese also developed a ______-stage rocket which propelled the rocket through the air and then dropped _____________ on enemies.

*The Chinese invented ____________cards. Printers used ______________ printing to make the cards from thick paper.

*The Chinese invented ___________ money. The Chinese used multiple woodblocks to print each __________. A single bill would have many __________.

*The Chinese invented the first _____________ clock. It was based on a wheel (powered by dripping water) that turned every twenty-four _________. Every quarter hour ____________ would beat and every hour a _______ would chime.

*Define the following:

*inoculate –

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*immune system –

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*vaccine –

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*The Chinese developed ways to fight ________________ disease. When a person died of infectious disease, they burned a chemical that gave off a ____________________ smoke. The smoke was actually a type of __________ which killed germs.

*A Chinese monk recommended ___________ the clothes of sick people. The hot temperature ___________ many germs.

*In the 10^th century, the Chinese learned how to ____________ people against smallpox. Chinese doctors took a small patch of a _____________ from an infected person and made it into a powder. The powder was inserted into the _______ of the person to immunize.

Name_____________________________

Class Period_____________________________

Eng – Social Studies

Guide for Chapter 19 – China’s Contacts with the Outside World

Goal: To understand the reasoning behind and implications of China’s policies on foreign contact.

*Welcoming foreign contact brought great ____________ exchange as new ideas and products flowed in and out of China.

*The monk, Xuan Zang, traveled to India and brought back thousands of ________________ scriptures. ________________ became a popular religion in China.

*Many Chinese, however, ______________ foreign influence.

*During the Tang Dynasty (618-907), the Chinese ______________ contact with foreigners (although attitudes change by the end of the dynasty).

*The trade route across Central Asia through which camel caravans traveled was known as the ____________ ____________.

*China also traded by sea with Korea, Japan, Indonesia and ____________.

*China sent silk, ___________, paper, iron and __________ to the West. China received __________, cotton, perfumes, ________ and horses.

*The upper class Chinese welcomed luxury goods such as rubies, _________, and other jewels. New foods such as spinach, ______________, mustard and peas were introduced. __________, a Persian sport played on horseback became popular with China’s upper class.

*Chinese could now sit on ____________ brought from Central Asia instead of the floor. Musical instruments from India, ____________ and Central Asia were adopted by the Chinese.

*Religions entered China, but Jews, Christians, and Muslims _______________ few Chinese. _________________, however, became a major part of Chinese life.

Changing Attitudes

*Towards the end of the Tang dynasty, foreign contact became __________ welcome.

*The Chinese placed ___________________ on foreigners after the Uighurs attacked China from across the border.

*The Chinese resented the _____________ of foreign merchants.

*The Chinese resented the prosperity of Buddhist monasteries, especially since monks did not have to pay _____________. Eventually, the Chinese began ______________ Buddhist property.

19.3 Foreign Contacts Under the Mongols

*The Mongols, or the ____________ dynasty, ruled China for nearly 100 years. *Travel along the ___________ Road was safe as the entire region was under one government’s control. The Mongols developed a far-reaching ___________ trade.

*Define – maritime-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*The Mongols respected _____________ and actively promoted trade. Stations were set up every 20 miles along the Silk Road to provide __________ and a place to __________. Chinese silk and porcelain were traded for ___________, ______________, and ivory.

*Sea trade brought new goods such as diamonds, pearls, _____________, cotton, muslin, black pepper, ___________ walnuts, and cloves.

*Foreigners brought special ___________ to China. Jamal al-Din, a Persian _____________, helped develop a new calendar and set up an observatory.

*Define – observatory –

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Foreigners learned of China’s inventions such as gunpowder and _____________.

The Role of Foreigners in China

*Foreign merchants could ____________ freely throughout China and did not have to pay ___________.

*Kublai Kahn appointed many _____________as government officials. Marco Polo took ________ and a ____________ years to reach China and spent seventeen years traveling the country as a government official.

*Chinese resented being ruled by _______________. They hated a Muslim finance minister named Ahmed so much they _________________ him.

*Under the Ming dynasty (1368 – 1644), China continued ____________ contacts, but later Ming Emperors tried to _____________ China from foreign influence.

*Define – tributary-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Ming rulers felt other countries should acknowledge China’s greatness (most old, largest and most civilized country) by paying ____________ to China.

*Ambassadors from tributaries had to _______________ (kneel three times and touch their heads to the floor three times each time they knelt) before the emperor. In return for tribute, China gave the ambassadors _______________ gifts and were allowed to buy and sell goods at _____________ markets.

*Emperor Chengzu sent Admiral _______________ __________ to parade China’s power, give gifts and collect tribute. There were over ________ ships in the fleet and 27,000 men aboard.

*The ships had tubs of earth for growing ________________ and __________. Large watertight compartments were converted to ______________ so the crew could eat fresh fish.

*The fleet sailed as far as the east coast of _________________. The fleet returned with sashes made of gold thread, ______________ herbs, dyes, spices, gems, pearls and ivory. The fleet also brought back exotic animals such as zebras, ostriches, __________, leopards and _________________.

*China stopped the expeditions so they could use the money to ____________ off Mongol invasions.

*Ming rulers wanted to protect their people from ________________ influence, so they ____________ travel outside of China.

*Scholar-officials wanted China to be a strongly unified stated based on a single ruler and ___________________ values.

Name_________________________

Class Period_________________________

Goal: To understand the spread of cultural elements from neighboring cultures to Japan and its impact on Japan’s society

*Japan learned about Confucianism from a Chinese scholar who came to Japan from a _____________ kingdom.

*Prince ______________ admired Chinese and Korean culture and actively encouraged contact with the mainland.

*___________ of ____________ are the objects, ideas and customs of a society.

*Cultural __________________ is the spread of cultural elements from one society to another.

20.2 Cultural Influences of India, China and Korea on Japan

*Japan learned of _____________ casting, Confucianism and Buddhism from visitors from ______________.

*Define –regent –

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Prince Shotoku ruled as regent under the ______________ Suiko.

*Knowledge of mainland culture could come from ________________ who traveled to China, gifts (such as ____________ and objects of __________) sent from the mainland and from _____________ workers who settled in Japan with their knowledge and skills.

*The Japanese _______________ new ideas with their own traditions to create a unique culture.

20.3 Government: Imitating the Chinese System

*In Japan, the emperor had only _____________ control over semi-independent clans, the uji.

*In the seventh and eighth centuries, Japanese emperors adopted a ________________ style of government. Prince Shotoku created a set of _____________ for government officials and designated the emperor as the country’s _____________ ruler.

*Emperor Tenchi created the Taika reforms which strengthened the ___________ government. Land was taken away from _____________ leaders and redistributed to all ____________ men and women. People had to pay heavy __________ to support the imperial government.

*Define the following

*imperial-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*aristocracy-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*In China, government officials were chosen by examination. In Japan, a powerful aristocracy developed and, as a result, members of Japan’s _____________ families held all the government positions.

*Japan’s capital city of _____________ was based on the design for the Chinese capital of Chang’an. Both cities were laid out in a _______________ pattern with a wide boulevard down the center.

*Chang’an covered an area of ___________ square miles and 2 million people, but Nara covered an area of _____________ square miles and 200,000 people.

*Chang’an was surrounded by a _______________, but Nara was not.

*Buddhism originated in _____________. The idea spread to China and then _____________, before it reached Japan.

*Shinto was Japan’s original _____________. It expresses the love and respect for ______________ (and celebrates the life and beauty of it). Shinto stresses purifying whatever is ______________, such as dirt, wounds and disease.

*Buddhists see life as full of ____________ and suffering. The founder of Buddhism, ______________, believed that there is an endless cycle of birth, death and rebirth. To escape this cycle, one must follow a moral code called the ______________ ____________. One must show respect to others, act rightly and achieve wisdom through _______________. Following the path leads to _____________________________.

*Define – meditation-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*A form of Buddhism called ________________ or “Greater Vehicle” teaches that all people can reach nirvana. Its followers believe in _________________ - buddhas who can enter nirvana but chose to stay to help others reach enlightenment.

*A Korean king introduced Mahayana to Japan when he sent the Japanese emperor a _______________ of the Buddha and a recommendation for the new religion.

*The Japanese adopted Mahayana because they admired its __________ and rituals. The Japanese considered Buddha to be a magical _____________ of families and the nation.

*In Japan, Buddhism and Shinto ____________ together. Ceremonies to celebrate ____________ and ______________ are Shinto, the joyful religion. ___________ ceremonies are Buddhist, the religion that acknowledges pain and suffering.

*Ancient Japanese was only a ____________ language. Japanese learned Chinese writing from _____________ scholars.

*At first, Japanese scholars began using ______________ (“Chinese writing”) to write Japanese words. This was difficult because the two languages have different, grammar, ______________ and pronunciation.

*The Japanese then invented ________________ (‘borrowed letters”). It used simplified Chinese characters to stand for ______________ in Japanese words. The Japanese could ____________ out the sounds of their own language.

*Define syllable-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Both ____________ and __________________ are part of written Japanese today.

20.7 Literature: Adopting Chinese Poetic Form

*The ____________ form of poetry uses Chinese characters and was modeled after Chinese poetry.

*A short Tanka poem contains ____________ syllables. The syllables are divided into five lines of _________, __________, 5,__________ and __________ syllables.

20.8 Sculpture: Carving Techniques travel to Japan from China and Korea

*Japanese sculptural ideas originated in ____________. These ideas found their way to ______________ and _____________. From those countries it was brought to Japan.

*Chinese made their statue of Buddha out of ______________.

*Koreans made their statue of Buddha out of _______________.

*Japanese made their statue of Buddha out of _______________.

*How are the statues on page 225 similar and different from each other?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

20.9 Architecture: Adapting Temple Designs with Roots in India and China

*New temple designs came to Japan from India by way of ______________.

*In India, Buddhist shrines called ___________ had roofs shaped like bells or upside-down bowls. In China, the bell shape was replaced with a series of stories and curved roofs creating structures called _______________.

*The Japanese adopted the ______________ design.

*Define –pagoda –

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*The Japanese adopted _____________ a form of Chinese court music.

*A new mouth organ was adopted from the Chinese. It was called a _____ by the Chinese and a ______ by the Japanese. It was designed to look like a ______________, a mythical bird.

Name________________________

Class Period________________________