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Index 357
Locke, John (1632-1704), 77, 84 Long, J., 23

Lucretius, 98

McCloskey, H.J., 81

Macpherson, C.B., 83

Makarrata, see Aborigines

Malaysia, affirmative action in, 93

Mandamus, writ of, 17

Maritain, Jacques, 77

Marital status, as ground for discrimination,

36-7, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42

Marriage, right of, 4, 26

Martial law, 15

Marxism, see Rights, Marxist conceptions of Mayer, H., 110

Mens rea, in anti-discrimination legislation, 90 Mental Health Acts, Australian, 55, 58 Mentally retarded persons

children, 60

contrasted with mentally ill, 53

definitions and terminology, 52-3, 55, 56-7, 58

employment and, 56-8

investigation by Human Rights Commission, 28

legislation prohibiting discrimination against,

New South Wales, 38-9, 58-9

South Australia, 58

Victoria, 58

medical treatment and, 54-5

normalisation or segregation, 51-2

rights of, 27, 51-9, 68, 86



see also Affirmative action

Menzies, R.G., 8

Migrants, aliens, see Immigrants and aliens Mill, John Stuart (1806-73), 77, 84

Minogue, K., 85-6

Minorities, rights of, 8, 32-3, 46

see also Aborigines; Affirmative action Minors, see Children

Mitchell, Dame Roma, 25, 26

Moral philosophy, 79-81, 89

see also Rights

Mothers, rights of, 4, 15

Movement, freedom of, 4, 26, 54, 73, 85 Murphy, L.K., 22, 32, 35,36, 100

National Aboriginal Conference, 45, 47, 48 National Employment Training Scheme, 56 National Handicapped Youth Programme, 56 Nationality, right to, 4, 9, 22

National Labour Consultative Council, 97 National Population and Housing Census, 1981 (Australia), 44

National Population Inquiry (Australia), 44 Natural law, 3, 10, 11-12, 82, 98

Natural rights, 3, 10, 77, 80, 82-3, 85 Netherlands, ratification of Optional Protocol to I.C.C.P.R., 66

Newsome, R., 58

New Zealand

and Bill of Rights, 31

non-ratification of Optional Protocol to I.C.C.P.R., 66

Nurnberg tribunal (Nuremberg tribunal), 67

Obligations, see Duties, obligations

Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs (U.S.), 95

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 63

Office of Women's Affairs (Prime Minister's Department), xii

Ombudsmen, 23

Organisation of American States (OAS), 74-6

Paine, Tom (1737-1809), 77

Parents


rights of mother, 60

right to appoint testamentary guardian, 28 right to choose children's education, 5, 14, 16, 60-1



see also Children, rights of; Family

Peoples, rights of, 46, 68, 78



see also Self-determination, right to Philippines, martial law in and international law, 15

Pius, XII, 99, 106

Plato, 98

Pluralism, 89

Poland, martial law in and international law, 15 Police, 32, 113

and Aborigines, 45

powers of, 17

Political philosophy, 78-9, 86, 98



see also Rights

Political rights

to elections, 4

to equal access to public service, 4

to participate in government, 4

to vote, 32



see also Civil and political rights

Portugal


human rights complaints against, 67, 69 Poverty

and abortion, 102

and access to legal services, 8

see also Equality, formal and substantive, of opportunity, outcome

President's Committee on Mental Retardation, 53

Press, freedom of, see Expression, freedom of Prisoners, xii, 8, 32

and Human Rights Commission, 28


358 Index
Privacy, right of, 26, 31, 61, 110-11

and abortion, 100

and 'right to die', 107-8

Australian Law Reform Commission reports on, 22,29

Human Rights Commission investigation, 28 legal protection of, 32

Prohibition, writ of, 17

Property, as human right, 4, 5, 14, 18, 82-3 Public health, as human right, 15

Pufendorf, Samuel von (1632-94), 10, 77

Quinlan, K., 107-8

Racial discrimination

children and, 60-1

international law and, 16, 62, 63-4, 64-5

legislation against, 22, 25, 27, 29-30 Commonwealth, 35-6

New South Wales, 38-40 South Australia, 34-5 Victoria, 40



see also Aborigines; Affirmative action; Discrimination

Racial Discrimination Bill (Commonwealth), 22, 35

Racial hatred, incitement to, see Incitement to racial hatred

Rees, S., 57

Reich, C., 83

Religion


civil disobedience and, 112, 113

euthanasia and, 106

freedom of, 3,4, 14, 15, 18, 26, 31, 46, 60, 100, 103-4, 110

philosophy of rights and, 10, 77, 79, 82

right to life and, 98, 100 Remedies, legal, right to, 4 'Representative action', 38, 42 Retrospective laws, 15 Reynolds, H., 46

Rights


abstract, 61, 77, 78, 80-1 and collective goals, 82, 86-7

contrast situational, 86 and privileges, 77

as means or ends, 79-80 conceptual nature of, 81-2, 85-6

conferred by or maintainable against society, 77-9, 80, 84

descriptive or ascriptive, 79

European, non-European conceptions of, 77-9, 83

formal, substantive, 84-5 individual as bearer of, 77 interest theories of, 60-1, 86, 103

Marxist conceptions of, 78, 84-5, 86

moral and legal, 10, 11-12, 79-81, 83-4 positive, negative, 85-6 relationship to duties, 61, 77, 81-2 status-derived, 86

will theories of, 61, 86, 103



see also Group rights; Human rights; Natural

law; Natural rights

Right to Life Association (Australian Capital

Territory), 28

Roosevelt, F.D., 3

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, (1712-78), 77

Rowley, C., 45

Rumania, ratification of I.C.C.P.R., 15

Ryan, S., 40, 41

Samuels, G., 32

San Francisco Conference, 1945, 3, 7

Sawer, G., 8

Scarman, Lord, 31 Scientology, 18

Scott, R., 106

Security of person, right to, 4, 17, 26

Segregation, see Racial discrimination Self-determination, right to, 13, 14



see also Peoples, rights of

Senate Standing Committee on Constitutional and Legal Affairs, 47-8

Sex discrimination, 42 legislation against South Australia, 36-8

New South Wales, 38-40

Victoria, 40

Commonwealth, 40-3



see also Women; Discrimination; Affirmative action

Sex Discrimination Bills (Commonwealth), 9,

27, 29, 30, 36, 40-2

Sex Discrimination Board (South Australia),

36-8

Sex Discrimination Commissioner


(Commonwealth), 30, 41-2

Sexual harassment, 39, 40-1

Situational ethics, 108

Slavery, right to freedom from, 4, 14-15

Smith, Anthony, 109 South Africa, 13, 105 South Australia, Committee on the Rights of

Persons with Handicaps, 52, 53-4, 56, 57, 58 Soviet Union

and theory of international law, 10-11 ratification of I.C.C.P.R., 15

see also Rights, Marxist conceptions of

Special Committee Against Apartheid (UN General Assembly), 62

Special Committee with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (UN General Assembly), 62-3

Index 359



Speech, freedom of, see Expression, freedom of Sport, prohibition of discrimination in, 39, 41 State, role of in rights issues, 77-9, 80, 83, 109

see also Bureaucracy

Statistics, as evidence of discrimination, xi, 89-90, 95, 96



see also Equality, of opportunity, outcome

Sub-Commission on Freedom of Information


and the Press, ECOSOC, 1947-52, 63

Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, ECOSOC, 63-4

Substituted judgment, doctrine of, 106, 107-8 see also Life, right to; Euthanasia

Sweden, ratification of Optional Protocol to I.C.C.P.R., 66

'Symbolic speech', 112, 113

Systemic discrimination, see Discrimination

Thomson, J.J., 104

Thought, conscience, freedom of, 4, 15, 18, 31, 85, 112, 113



see also Expression, freedom of; Information,

freedom of; Religion, freedom of; Symbolic speech

Tooley, M., 103

Torres Strait Islanders, see Aborigines Torture, right to freedom from, 4, 54 Tracey, R.R.S., 104, 105

Trade unions, 4, 36, 37, 39, 73, 80, 97

see also Affirmative action; International Labour Organisation; Association, freedom of

Transplants

Australian Law Reform Commission report on, 22-3, 107

legal issues, 106-7

Trial by jury, 18

Trial, right of, see Due process of law; Arrest and detention

Unborn, position of at common law, 103, 105

see also Abortion; Life, right to

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.),



see Soviet Union

United Kingdom (U.K.)

and freedom of expression, 109, 110 Bill of rights debate in, 8, 31-2, 73 European Communities law in, 73 non-ratification of Optional Protocol to

I.C.C.P.R., 66

United Nations, 3, 78, 81, 82-4, 86, 88 Australian involvement in, 7-9 Commission on Human Rights, 5-6, 63-4,

66

Conventions and resolutions, see Table of International Instruments



Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC),

62, 63, 64, 66, 69 General Assembly, 16, 62-3, 65, 66, 67 Committees of, 62

resolutions, legal effect of, 5n, 13-14 human rights procedures, 62-70 Secretary-General, 62, 65, 66

Security Council, 14, 66-7

Trusteeship Council, 67

see also International law

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), 5, 6,

67, 70, 78, 88, 110

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 63

United States of America (U.S.A.)

Department of Health, Education and Welfare, 52

non-ratification of Optional Protocol to I.C.C.P.R., 66

rights attitudes and legislation in, 5-6, 32,

38, 100, 101-2, 105, 106-8, 112, 113

see also American Civil Liberties Union; American Declaration of Independence; Bill of Rights (U.S.A.); Civil Service Commission; Commission on Civil Rights

University of Wollongong, 43n

Uruguay, ratification of Optional Protocol to I.C.C.P.R., 66

Vanier, J., 51

Veitch, E., 104, 105

Venezuela, ratification of Optional Protocol to I.C.C.P.R., 66

Villawood Detention Centre, investigation of

by Human Rights Commission, 28



see also Deportation; Arrest and detention Vitoria, Francisco de (1483-1546), 10

Warren, M.A., 104 Weber, L., 107

Welfare, property rights to, 82-3

Western Australia, and Commonwealth-State relations, 22

Whitlam, E.G., 9,22, 35

Wilkins, R., 99

Will theories of rights, see Rights, will theories of

Winychanam Aboriginal community, Aurukun (Queensland), 20n

Women

ILO and, 68



rights of, and abortion, 100-5

social, economic position of, 42

women's movements, 42

see also Sex discrimination

Workers, rights of, 4



see also Association, freedom of; Employment; International Labour Organisation



360 Index


World Food Programme, 70

World Health Organisation (WHO), 53-4, 67— 8, 70

World Heritage, 21

Worship, freedom of, see Religion, freedom of

Yalata Aboriginal community (South

Australia), 49



Yirrkala Aboriginal community (South Australia), 49

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