New South Wales
Anti-Discrimination Act 1977. . . 38-40, 43, 58, 90, 96
Victoria
Equal Opportunity Act 1977. . . 40
Equal Opportunity (Discrimination against Disabled Persons) Act 1982 . . . 40
Table of statutes 349
South Australia
Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 . . . 103-4
Death (Definition) Act 1983. . . 107
Handicapped Persons Equal Opportunity Act 1981 . . . 40, 58 Pitjantjatjara Land Rights Act 1981 . . . 48
Prohibition of Discrimination Act 1966 . . . 34, 35, 36 Racial Discrimination Act 1976 . . . 34-5
Sex Discrimination Act 1975 . . . 36-7, 38
A.C.T.
Mental Health Ordinance 1981 . . . 28, 53, 58
United Kingdom
Abortion Act 1967. . . 101, 103-4
European Communities Act 1972. . . 73
Offences Against the Person Act 1861 . . . 100-1 Race Relations Act 1968 . . . 35, 36, 37, 39
Sex Discrimination Act 1975 . . . 37
Canada
Bill of Rights 1960. . . 31, 32, 70
New Zealand
Race Relations Act 1971 . . . 35
U.S.A.
U.S. Constitution. . . 100-2, 107-8, 113 Bill of Rights 1791 . . . 18, 32, 107-8
Civil Rights Act 1964. . . 92, 93
Natural Death Act 1977 (California) . . . 108 Uniform Brain Death Act 1978 . . . 107
2
350
7
Table of cases
Adelaide Company of Jehovah's Witnesses Inc. v. The Commonwealth (1943) . . . 18n Advisory Opinion on Namiba (1971) . . . 13
Ansett Transport Industries (Operations) Pty Ltd v. Wardley (1980) . . . 42 Attorney-General for the State of Queensland (ex. rd. Kerr) v. T. (1983) . . . 102 Attorney-General for the State of Victoria v. The Commonwealth (1981) . . . 18n Bakke, Regents of the University of California v., (1978) . . . 38,93
Bank of New South Wales v. The Commonwealth (1948) . . . 19n Bellotti v. Baird (1979) . . . 102
Carter v. Gallagher (1971) . . . 96
Church of the New Faith v. Commissioner for Payroll Tax (1983) . . . 18n Commonwealth v. Tasmania (1983) [Dams case] . . . 9,20-1,45
Dams Case see Commonwealth v. Tasmania (1983)
DeFunis v. Odegaard (1974) . . . 93
Doe v. BeIlin Memorial Hospital (1973) . . . 102
Doe v. Hale Hospital (1974) . . . 102
Dugan v. Mirror Newspapers Ltd (1979) . . . 32
Garland v. British Rail Engineering Ltd (1982) . . . 73n
Gove Land Rights Case see Milirrpum v. Nabalco Pty Ltd and Commonwealth (1971)
Goya Henry Aviation Case see R. v. Burgess; ex parte Henry Griggs v. Duke Power Company (1970) . . . 92
Harris v. McCrae (1980) . . . 102
James v. The Commonwealth (1936) . . . 19n
Johnson v. Director-General of Social Welfare (Victoria) (1976) . . . 103n K. v. Minister for Youth and Community Services (1982) . . . 102-3
K. v. T. (1983) . . . 101-2
Koowarta v. Bjelke-Petersen (1982) . . . 9,20-1,22
Milirrpum v. Nabalco Pty Ltd and Commonwealth (1971) . . . 46 O'Callaghan v. Loder (1983) . . . 39
Paton v. British Pregnancy Advisory Service Trustees (1979) . . . 101n Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth (1976) . . . 101 Quinlan, In re (1976) . . . 107-8
R. v. Bourne., (1939) . . . 100-1
R. v. Burgess; ex p. Henry (1936) . . . 20
R. v. Davidson (1969) . . .101
R. v. McInnes (1980) . . . 32
R. v. Poole (1939) . . . 20n
R. v. Sex Discrimination Board; ex p. Cope (1980) . . . 42 R. v. Wald (1971) . . .101
Table of cases 351
Richmond Brain Case see Tucker's Administrator v. Lower Rios v. Enterprise Association Steamfitters (1971) . . . 96 Roe v. Wade (1973) . . . 100, 101, 103, 108
Sydney Williams, R. v., (1976) . . . 49
Taylor v. St Vincent's Hospital (1972) . . . 102
Tucker's Administrator v. Lower (1972) . . . 106-7 Viskauskas v. Niland (1983) . . . 43
Victoria Park Racing v. Taylor (1937) . . . 32
Wald, R. v., (1971) . . . 101
Index
Page references are to the Survey. References to entries in the Bibliography are given at the start of each section of the Survey. The subject headings under which the Bibliography is arranged are listed in the Contents, pp. vi-viii, and in the Synoptic Table of Human Rights, pp. 120-30.
Aboriginal Affairs, Commonwealth Department of, 44
Aboriginal Land Councils, 48
Aboriginal Land Fund Commission, 20n Aboriginal Land Rights Commission, 46 Aboriginal Lands Trust (N.S.W.), 48 Aboriginal Legal Service, 45
Aboriginal Treaty Committee, 47
Aborigines
assimilation of, 46, 49-50
children, 60
Commonwealth power and, 19-20 Commonwealth-State relations and, 22,
32-3, 35, 47
criminal justice and, 45, 49-50
customary law, 22, 45-6, 49-50 discrimination against, 6, 8, 20, 22, 28-9, 30, 33n, 34, 45, 46
economic, social conditions, 44-5, 47-8 financial compensation to, 47
generally, 44-50
historical, cultural heritage, 44, 45, 46, 47, 50
Human Rights Commission and, 28-9, 45 international law and, 45-6, 46-7, 48-9
land rights, 20n, 46-9, 49-50
Makarrata, 46-8
see also Discrimination; Group rights; Racial Discrimination
Abortion
legal, philosophical problems, 82, 98, 100-5 minors and, 102-3
poverty and, 101, 102
rape, incest and, 102
religious attitudes to, 100, 103, 104
see also Life, right to
Academy of Social Sciences in Australia, 45,
110
Accused persons, rights of, see Arrest and detention
Activity Therapy Centres, 57-8
Administrative law
Administrative Appeals Tribunal, 23 administrative discretion and human rights,
32
Ombudsmen, 23
review of administrative action, 17,23
Affirmative action, xi, 16, 38, 39-40, 41, 51-2,
8
352
9, 90-1, 92-7 Aborigines and, 45, 47
'hard' and 'soft', 92, 93, 94, 97
in New South Wales, 39-40, 95, 96-7 in private sector, 95
in public service, 94-5
legislation for, 42, 91, 94
targets, goals and quotas, 94-7
Aliens, see Immigrants and aliens
American Association on Mental Deficiency, 53 American Civil Liberties Union, 113
American Declaration of Independence, 1776, 77
Amnesty International, 11 Anti-Discrimination Bill, 1978 (Tasmania), 40 Anti-Discrimination Board (N.S.W.), 38-9,
40, 52, 53-4, 56, 57, 58-9
Apartheid, 13, 67
Aquinas, 104
'Arbitrary', meaning of, 99
Argentina, martial law in and international law, 15
Aroney, M., 25
Arrest and detention
arbitrary, right to freedom from, 4, 54 rights of arrested and detained persons, 4, 15, 17
Assembly, freedom of, 4, 14, 17, 26, 28, 31, 32, 73, 84, 85, 87
Association, freedom of, 4, 17, 26, 73
see also International Labour Organisation; Trade unions
Asylum, right to, 4
Australia
civil liberties in, 17-19, see also Civil liberties Commonwealth-State relations, 18-19,
19-20, 22, 32-3, 35, 47
Federal government
commitment to human rights, 7, 8-9, 22-4 Department of Employment and Youth Affairs, 56
Department of Social Security, 56 implementation of UN conventions,
19-21, 22, 35, 36, 41
legislative powers, see Table of Statutes,
Commonwealth Constitution
ratification of international instruments,
7-8,9, 14, 15, 66, 68
response to Aboriginal treaty proposals, 47 federal system, and human rights, 19-20
Index 353
Minister for Employment and Youth Affairs, 56
political parties, position on Aborigines, 45
Australia, Constitution and Bill of Rights, 33
and human rights guarantees, 8, 18-19 limited powers of Commonwealth in, 19-20 see also Table of statutes, Commonwealth
Constitution
Australian Association for the Mentally Retarded, 56
Australian Council for Rehabilitation of the Disabled, 57
Australian Institute of Criminology, 18n Australian Law Reform Commission
purposes, objectives, 22
Reference on Aboriginal Customary Law,
22, 44, 45, 49-50
report on criminal investigation, 22
report on privacy, 29
report on transplants, 23, 107
reports with human rights aspects, 22-3
Bailey, K.H., 7
Bailey, Peter, 15, 23, 24, 33n
Barron, J., 110
Bentham, Jeremy (1748-1832), 77, 79
Bill of Rights
Australia, ix, 9, 18, 22, 23, 29, 31-3, 38, 100 Canada, 31
federal-State relations and, 32-3
judicial support for, 31, 32
legal, philosophical aspects of, 31-3
New Zealand, 31
U.K., 8, 31, 73 U.S.A., 32, 107
see also Common law
Bolivia, and American Convention on Human
Rights, 75 Borne, W.D., 44 Boyce, P., 25
Brazil, and American Convention on Human
Rights, 75
Bright, C.H., 52, 53, 58
Bright Committee, see South Australia,
Committee on the Rights of Persons with
Handicaps
Britain, see United Kingdom
Bruce, S.M., 7
Bulgaria, ratification of 15
Bureaucracy, as threat to rights, 32, 86-7 Burke, E., 85
Calabresi, G., 99
Canada
Bill of Rights, 31
ratification of Optional Protocol to I.C.C.P.R., 66
Capital punishment, see Life, right to
Carter, President J., 5
Censorship, 18n, 85, 88, 109-11
Certiorari, writ of, 17
Chaney, F., 47
Chifley, J.B., 19
Children, rights of, 4, 26, 28, 60-1, 68, 86 and abortion, 102-3, 105
Australian Law Reform Commission report on Child Welfare, 22
Australian practice concerning, 61
see also Abortion; Parents; Rights, Will theories of
Children's courts, 61
Chile
and Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 75
martial law in and international law, 15 'Chinese waiters' provision, 39
Civil and political rights, 83, 84
loss of on conviction of felony, 32
to legal representation, 32
see also Political rights
Civil disobedience, 112-14
see also Assembly, freedom of; Association, freedom of
Civil liberties, 17, 83, 84, 85-6
see also Australia, civil liberties in; Rights;
Human rights; Civil and political rights Civil Service Commission (U.S.), 94-5 Colonialism, see Peoples, rights of Commissioner for Community Relations
(Commonwealth), 20n, 23, 25, 26, 29-30,
35, 36,45
Commissioner for Equal Opportunity (South Australia), 37, 40
Commissioner for Equal Opportunity (Victoria), 29
Commission on Civil Rights (U.S.), 95-6 Commission on Human Rights (UN), 5-6, 63-4, 66
Commission on the Status of Women, ECOSOC, 64
Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations, ILO, 69
Committee on Freedom of Association, ILO, 69-70
Committee on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations, ILO, 69
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, UN, 64
Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, UN, 64-5
Common law
and Aboriginal customary law, 49-50 and Aboriginal land rights, 46
and abortion, 100-1, 102-3, 104, 105
354 Index
and Bill of Rights, 31-3
and freedom of expression, 110
and protection of human rights, 8, 17-18, 32-3
and rights of minorities, 8, 32, 33 Commonwealth Rehabilitation Service, 57 Community Relations Council, Australia, 35,
36
Conciliation, role of in rights issues, 11, 35, 36,
37, 40, 41-2, 72, 113
Conflict of rights, 60-1, 82, 83, 85, 88, 89, 103- 4
see also Abortion; Affirmative action;
Euthanasia; Thought, Conscience, freedom of; Religion, freedom of
Conscience, see Thought, conscience, freedom
of
Conscience clauses, in rights legislation, 103-4 Conscientious objection, 18
Constitutional Conventions, Australian, 18 Contempt of court, 110-11
Australian Law Reform Commission reference on, 22
Coombs, H.C., 47
Council of Europe, 11, 71, 72, 107
Committee of Ministers, 72 Secretary-General, 72, 73
Counsellor for Equal Opportunity (N.S.W.), 40 Cranston, M., 82, 85
Crawford, J., 44,49
Criminals, see Prisoners
Cruel and inhuman punishment, right to freedom from, 4, 15, 26, 29
Cuba, and Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 75
Customary law, rights, see Aborigines, customary law
Czechoslovakia, ratification of I.C.C.P.R., 15
Death, definitions of, 106-7
see also Abortion; Euthanasia; Life, right to Declaration of General and Special Rights of
the Mentally Retarded (1968), 54 Declaration of Rights, 1776 (Virginia), 77 Declarations of Rights, 1793, 1795 (France), 77 Declaration of the Rights of Man and the
Citizen, 1789, 1791 (France), 77
De facto relationships, legal aspects of, 39, 41 Denmark, ratification of Optional Protocol to I.C.C.P.R., 66
Deportation
investigation by Human Rights Commission, 28
Detention, see Arrest and detention
Devlin, Patrick, 84-5
Diefenbaker, J.G., 32
Dinstein, Y., 98-9
Director of Equal Opportunity in Public Employment (N.S.W.), 39
Disabled persons
children, 60
definitions and terminology, 52-4, 55, 56-7 discrimination against, 55-6
employment, 55-6, 56-7
Human Rights Commission investigation, 28 medical treatment, 55
National Committee of Non-Government
Organisations (Australia), 56
normalisation or segregation, 51-2, 54-5,
56-8
prohibition of discrimination against, 38-9,
40, 54, 54-5, 59
rights of, 24, 27, 51-2, 54-9, 68
Discrimination, 89-91
and affirmative action, 92-7
Australian legislation, 23, 34-43, 91
freedom of expression and, 110
'formal' and 'informal', 42
indirect, 40, 89-90
individual acts, systemic, 34, 35, 42, 90 legislation, Federal, State, conflict of, 42-3 legislative definitions of, 34-5, 37
on ground of nationality, 73
role of civil, criminal sanctions, 35, 36, 37,
90
see also Racial discrimination; Sex
discrimination Dixon, Sir Owen, 8
'Double effect', doctrine of, 104
Downing, A.B., 108
Dualist theory of international law, see
International law
Due process of law, 4, 17, 18, 23, 31, 88, 99 Durack, P., 26
Duties, obligations, 77 to the community, 5 see also Children, rights of; Rights
Dworkin, R., 82
Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) see United Nations
Economic, social and cultural rights
Australian support for in United Nations, 7 generally, 4-5, 15-16, 26-7, 78-9, 83
to an adequate standard of living, 4
to education, 15-16
to language and culture, 26, 46 see also Aborigines
to paid maternity leave, 15
to participate in cultural life, 4-5
to public health, 15 to rest and leisure, 4 to social security, 4 see also Religion, freedom of
Education
and affirmative action, 92-3, 97
as indoctrination, 88, 109
right to, 4, 15-16, 60-1, 86
Index 355
Emerson, A., 57
Employment, rights concerning, 4 Encyclopaedists, 77
Enderby, K., 35
England, see United Kingdom
Enlightenment theories of rights, 77-8 Epicurus, 98
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (U.S.), 95
Equal Employment Opportunity Management Plans (N.S.W.), 39
Equality
formal and substantive, xi-xii, 86-7, 89-91 legal, right to, 3, 4, 26
of opportunity, outcome, xi, 8,45, 89-91, 93-4
principle of, and equal treatment, 89-91 statistical evidence and, 89-90
see also Discrimination; Affirmative action Equality of Employment Opportunity programme (U.S.), 94-5, 95-6
Equal Opportunity Bill, 1983 (Victoria), 40 Equal Opportunity Tribunal (New South Wales), 39, 40, 43n
Ethics, see Moral philosophy
European Commission on Human Rights, 71-3 European Communities, 73
European Court of Human Rights, 32, 71-3 European Court of Justice (Court of Justice of the European Communities), 73
European Economic Community (EEC), see European Communities
Euthanasia
of the unfit, 98
philosophical, legal aspects of, 82, 98, 99, 106-8
religious aspects of, 99, 106, 108
technology and, 99
voluntary, involuntary, 106, 107-8
see also Life, right to; Abortion; Substituted judgment
Evans, G., 26, 31, 32, 35
Evatt, H.V., 7, 8
Expression, freedom of, 3,4, 26, 28, 31, 32, 60,
68, 83, 85, 88, 109-11
see also Censorship; Education
External affairs power (Commonwealth), see Table of statutes, Commonwealth Constitution, s. 51 (xxix)
Fact-finding and Conciliation Commission on Freedom of Association, ILO, 69-70 Family
rights of, 26
right to, 4
see also Children, rights of; Marriage, right of; Parents, rights of
Federalism, problems of in rights issues, see Australia, Commonwealth-State relations;
tralia, federal system
Feinberg, J., 82
Fiji, affirmative action in, 93
Fletcher, J., 108
Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), 67-8, 70
Forced labour, 4, 14-15
see also Slavery Ford, N., 25, 26 'Four Freedoms', 1941, 3
Franklin Valley, 21 Fraser, J.M., 9,47 Freedom from Hunger Campaign, 70
Geia, E., 25,26 Genocide, 15
German Democratic Republic, ratification of
I.C.C.P.R., 15
Ghana, complaint to ILO against Portugal, 69 Gilbert, C., 25,26
Glover, J., 98, 104 Grassby, Al, 23
Grotius, H. (1583-1645), 10, 77
Group rights, 8, 78-79, 84
see also Affirmative action; Economic, social and cultural rights; Human rights, individual, collective; Peoples, rights of
Gury, J.P., 104
Habeas corpus, writ of, 17
Handicapped Persons Discrimination Tribunal
(South Australia), 40 'Harm principle', 84-5 Hart, H.L.A., 84-5, 98 Hassan, P., 99
Hastings, E., 25,26
Hawke, R. J.L., 9
Hayes, R., 57,58
Hayes, S., 57,58
'Heckler's veto', 113
Helsinki Accords, 5
Hobbes, Thomas (1588-1679), 77, 98
Hohfeld, W.N., 81n
Homosexuality, 8
Human Rights Commission investigation of
discrimination, 28
New South Wales legislation prohibiting
discrimination on grounds of, 39
Hope, R.M., 6-7, 32
Howe, S.G., 51
Human rights
Australian legal system and, 6-7, 8, 17-21 conflict of, 82, 83
educational programs, ix, 3, 27, 29
'ideology' of, 6
individual, collective, 14
international law and, 10-12, 13, 62-76 juridical basis of, 10-12
limitations on, 5, 14-15
356 Index
literature, development of, xi-xii
philosophical basis of, 10, 77-87
protection by Bill of Rights, 8
see also Bills of Rights
reporting, monitoring procedures in
international law, 11, 16
welfare state and, 23
see also Rights
Human Rights Bill, 1972 (South Australia), 22 Human Rights Bill, 1973 (Commonwealth), 22, 35
Human Rights Bureau (Australia), 23-4, 25 Human Rights Commission (Australia), ix, 20n, 33n, 91
administrative structure, 26
and Aborigines, 29, 45
and Bill of Rights, 31
and international human rights instruments, xii, 24, 26-7
Commonwealth-State relations and, 26, 27, 28, 29
establishment, 24, 25, 54
functions, 27, 54
membership, 25-6
role of Attorney-General, 26, 27
work of, xi-xii, 25-6
Human Rights Committee, UN, 63, 65-6 Hume, David (1711-76), 77,80
'Hyde Amendment', U.S. Budget, 102
Immigrants and aliens
rights of, 8, 68
right to immigrate, 28
see also Deportation; Racial discrimination Incitement
to discrimination, violence, 14-16, 28-9, 36, 85
to racial hatred, 14, 16, 28-9, 36, 84, 88, 111
see also Expression, freedom of Indoctrination, see Education
Information, freedom of, 3, 4, 23, 63
Institute of Aboriginal Studies, 45
Institute of Criminology, University of Sydney, 18n
Intellectual impairment, see Mentally retarded persons
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 74-6
Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 74, 75 International Bill of Human Rights, 64 International Commission of Jurists, 11, 18n International Congress on Anthropological and
Ethnological Sciences XI (Vancouver
1983), 44
International Court of Justice, 7, 13, 67, 69 International instruments
legal effect of, 5
implementation of, in Australia, 19-21, 22,
35, 36,41
ratification of, by Australia, 7-8, 9, 14, 15, 66, 68
International Labour Conference, 69
International Labour Organisation (ILO), 67-70
Australian ratification of Conventions, 48, 68 International law
changing nature of, 5n, 10-12
codification of, 67
criminal, 67
customary, 99
dualist theory of, 10-11
enforcement of, 11, 13-14, 68-9, 71-3, 74-6 human rights and, 10-12, 62-76, 83-4 impact in Australia, 9, 23-4
invoked by Aborigines, 46-7, 49
legal effect of UN General Assembly
resolutions, 5n, 13
relation to domestic law, 10-11, 13, 73 reporting procedures in, 11, 64-5, 66, 68-9, 73, 74
'reserved jurisdiction', 10-11
settlement of Australia, and doctrine of terra nullius, 46-7
standing of individuals under, 10, 65, 67, 71-2, 74,75
International Law Commission, 67
International League of Societies for the Mentally Handicapped, 54
International Refugee Organisation, 7
International Trusteeship System, UN, 67 International Women's Year, 1975, 6, 36 International Year of Disabled Persons, 1981,
6,40, 53, 54, 56
Iran, ratification of I.C.C.P.R., 15
Italy, ratification of Optional Protocol to I.C.C.P.R., 66
Justice, formal and substantive, 86-7, 89-91 Kirby, M.D., 22
Labour, forced, right to freedom from, 4, 14, 15,69
Lane Committee Report (U.K.), 101 Laskin, B., 31
Law, international, see International law League of Nations, 7
Liberty, right to, see Security of person Libya, ratification of I.C.C.P.R., 15 Life
'arbitrary' deprivation of, 99
quality, sanctity of, 98, 103, 106, 107-8 right to, 4, 26, 98-9
and capital punishment, 15, 82, 98 and euthanasia, 106-8
Human Rights Commission investigation, 28
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