Index 357
Locke, John (1632-1704), 77, 84 Long, J., 23
Lucretius, 98
McCloskey, H.J., 81
Macpherson, C.B., 83
Makarrata, see Aborigines
Malaysia, affirmative action in, 93
Mandamus, writ of, 17
Maritain, Jacques, 77
Marital status, as ground for discrimination,
36-7, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42
Marriage, right of, 4, 26
Martial law, 15
Marxism, see Rights, Marxist conceptions of Mayer, H., 110
Mens rea, in anti-discrimination legislation, 90 Mental Health Acts, Australian, 55, 58 Mentally retarded persons
children, 60
contrasted with mentally ill, 53
definitions and terminology, 52-3, 55, 56-7, 58
employment and, 56-8
investigation by Human Rights Commission, 28
legislation prohibiting discrimination against,
New South Wales, 38-9, 58-9
South Australia, 58
Victoria, 58
medical treatment and, 54-5
normalisation or segregation, 51-2
rights of, 27, 51-9, 68, 86
see also Affirmative action
Menzies, R.G., 8
Migrants, aliens, see Immigrants and aliens Mill, John Stuart (1806-73), 77, 84
Minogue, K., 85-6
Minorities, rights of, 8, 32-3, 46
see also Aborigines; Affirmative action Minors, see Children
Mitchell, Dame Roma, 25, 26
Moral philosophy, 79-81, 89
see also Rights
Mothers, rights of, 4, 15
Movement, freedom of, 4, 26, 54, 73, 85 Murphy, L.K., 22, 32, 35,36, 100
National Aboriginal Conference, 45, 47, 48 National Employment Training Scheme, 56 National Handicapped Youth Programme, 56 Nationality, right to, 4, 9, 22
National Labour Consultative Council, 97 National Population and Housing Census, 1981 (Australia), 44
National Population Inquiry (Australia), 44 Natural law, 3, 10, 11-12, 82, 98
Natural rights, 3, 10, 77, 80, 82-3, 85 Netherlands, ratification of Optional Protocol to I.C.C.P.R., 66
Newsome, R., 58
New Zealand
and Bill of Rights, 31
non-ratification of Optional Protocol to I.C.C.P.R., 66
Nurnberg tribunal (Nuremberg tribunal), 67
Obligations, see Duties, obligations
Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs (U.S.), 95
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 63
Office of Women's Affairs (Prime Minister's Department), xii
Ombudsmen, 23
Organisation of American States (OAS), 74-6
Paine, Tom (1737-1809), 77
Parents
rights of mother, 60
right to appoint testamentary guardian, 28 right to choose children's education, 5, 14, 16, 60-1
see also Children, rights of; Family
Peoples, rights of, 46, 68, 78
see also Self-determination, right to Philippines, martial law in and international law, 15
Pius, XII, 99, 106
Plato, 98
Pluralism, 89
Poland, martial law in and international law, 15 Police, 32, 113
and Aborigines, 45
powers of, 17
Political philosophy, 78-9, 86, 98
see also Rights
Political rights
to elections, 4
to equal access to public service, 4
to participate in government, 4
to vote, 32
see also Civil and political rights
Portugal
human rights complaints against, 67, 69 Poverty
and abortion, 102
and access to legal services, 8
see also Equality, formal and substantive, of opportunity, outcome
President's Committee on Mental Retardation, 53
Press, freedom of, see Expression, freedom of Prisoners, xii, 8, 32
and Human Rights Commission, 28
358 Index
Privacy, right of, 26, 31, 61, 110-11
and abortion, 100
and 'right to die', 107-8
Australian Law Reform Commission reports on, 22,29
Human Rights Commission investigation, 28 legal protection of, 32
Prohibition, writ of, 17
Property, as human right, 4, 5, 14, 18, 82-3 Public health, as human right, 15
Pufendorf, Samuel von (1632-94), 10, 77
Quinlan, K., 107-8
Racial discrimination
children and, 60-1
international law and, 16, 62, 63-4, 64-5
legislation against, 22, 25, 27, 29-30 Commonwealth, 35-6
New South Wales, 38-40 South Australia, 34-5 Victoria, 40
see also Aborigines; Affirmative action; Discrimination
Racial Discrimination Bill (Commonwealth), 22, 35
Racial hatred, incitement to, see Incitement to racial hatred
Rees, S., 57
Reich, C., 83
Religion
civil disobedience and, 112, 113
euthanasia and, 106
freedom of, 3,4, 14, 15, 18, 26, 31, 46, 60, 100, 103-4, 110
philosophy of rights and, 10, 77, 79, 82
right to life and, 98, 100 Remedies, legal, right to, 4 'Representative action', 38, 42 Retrospective laws, 15 Reynolds, H., 46
Rights
abstract, 61, 77, 78, 80-1 and collective goals, 82, 86-7
contrast situational, 86 and privileges, 77
as means or ends, 79-80 conceptual nature of, 81-2, 85-6
conferred by or maintainable against society, 77-9, 80, 84
descriptive or ascriptive, 79
European, non-European conceptions of, 77-9, 83
formal, substantive, 84-5 individual as bearer of, 77 interest theories of, 60-1, 86, 103
Marxist conceptions of, 78, 84-5, 86
moral and legal, 10, 11-12, 79-81, 83-4 positive, negative, 85-6 relationship to duties, 61, 77, 81-2 status-derived, 86
will theories of, 61, 86, 103
see also Group rights; Human rights; Natural
law; Natural rights
Right to Life Association (Australian Capital
Territory), 28
Roosevelt, F.D., 3
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, (1712-78), 77
Rowley, C., 45
Rumania, ratification of I.C.C.P.R., 15
Ryan, S., 40, 41
Samuels, G., 32
San Francisco Conference, 1945, 3, 7
Sawer, G., 8
Scarman, Lord, 31 Scientology, 18
Scott, R., 106
Security of person, right to, 4, 17, 26
Segregation, see Racial discrimination Self-determination, right to, 13, 14
see also Peoples, rights of
Senate Standing Committee on Constitutional and Legal Affairs, 47-8
Sex discrimination, 42 legislation against South Australia, 36-8
New South Wales, 38-40
Victoria, 40
Commonwealth, 40-3
see also Women; Discrimination; Affirmative action
Sex Discrimination Bills (Commonwealth), 9,
27, 29, 30, 36, 40-2
Sex Discrimination Board (South Australia),
36-8
Sex Discrimination Commissioner
(Commonwealth), 30, 41-2
Sexual harassment, 39, 40-1
Situational ethics, 108
Slavery, right to freedom from, 4, 14-15
Smith, Anthony, 109 South Africa, 13, 105 South Australia, Committee on the Rights of
Persons with Handicaps, 52, 53-4, 56, 57, 58 Soviet Union
and theory of international law, 10-11 ratification of I.C.C.P.R., 15
see also Rights, Marxist conceptions of
Special Committee Against Apartheid (UN General Assembly), 62
Special Committee with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (UN General Assembly), 62-3
Index 359
Speech, freedom of, see Expression, freedom of Sport, prohibition of discrimination in, 39, 41 State, role of in rights issues, 77-9, 80, 83, 109
see also Bureaucracy
Statistics, as evidence of discrimination, xi, 89-90, 95, 96
see also Equality, of opportunity, outcome
Sub-Commission on Freedom of Information
and the Press, ECOSOC, 1947-52, 63
Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, ECOSOC, 63-4
Substituted judgment, doctrine of, 106, 107-8 see also Life, right to; Euthanasia
Sweden, ratification of Optional Protocol to I.C.C.P.R., 66
'Symbolic speech', 112, 113
Systemic discrimination, see Discrimination
Thomson, J.J., 104
Thought, conscience, freedom of, 4, 15, 18, 31, 85, 112, 113
see also Expression, freedom of; Information,
freedom of; Religion, freedom of; Symbolic speech
Tooley, M., 103
Torres Strait Islanders, see Aborigines Torture, right to freedom from, 4, 54 Tracey, R.R.S., 104, 105
Trade unions, 4, 36, 37, 39, 73, 80, 97
see also Affirmative action; International Labour Organisation; Association, freedom of
Transplants
Australian Law Reform Commission report on, 22-3, 107
legal issues, 106-7
Trial by jury, 18
Trial, right of, see Due process of law; Arrest and detention
Unborn, position of at common law, 103, 105
see also Abortion; Life, right to
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.),
see Soviet Union
United Kingdom (U.K.)
and freedom of expression, 109, 110 Bill of rights debate in, 8, 31-2, 73 European Communities law in, 73 non-ratification of Optional Protocol to
I.C.C.P.R., 66
United Nations, 3, 78, 81, 82-4, 86, 88 Australian involvement in, 7-9 Commission on Human Rights, 5-6, 63-4,
66
Conventions and resolutions, see Table of International Instruments
Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC),
62, 63, 64, 66, 69 General Assembly, 16, 62-3, 65, 66, 67 Committees of, 62
resolutions, legal effect of, 5n, 13-14 human rights procedures, 62-70 Secretary-General, 62, 65, 66
Security Council, 14, 66-7
Trusteeship Council, 67
see also International law
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), 5, 6,
67, 70, 78, 88, 110
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 63
United States of America (U.S.A.)
Department of Health, Education and Welfare, 52
non-ratification of Optional Protocol to I.C.C.P.R., 66
rights attitudes and legislation in, 5-6, 32,
38, 100, 101-2, 105, 106-8, 112, 113
see also American Civil Liberties Union; American Declaration of Independence; Bill of Rights (U.S.A.); Civil Service Commission; Commission on Civil Rights
University of Wollongong, 43n
Uruguay, ratification of Optional Protocol to I.C.C.P.R., 66
Vanier, J., 51
Veitch, E., 104, 105
Venezuela, ratification of Optional Protocol to I.C.C.P.R., 66
Villawood Detention Centre, investigation of
by Human Rights Commission, 28
see also Deportation; Arrest and detention Vitoria, Francisco de (1483-1546), 10
Warren, M.A., 104 Weber, L., 107
Welfare, property rights to, 82-3
Western Australia, and Commonwealth-State relations, 22
Whitlam, E.G., 9,22, 35
Wilkins, R., 99
Will theories of rights, see Rights, will theories of
Winychanam Aboriginal community, Aurukun (Queensland), 20n
Women
ILO and, 68
rights of, and abortion, 100-5
social, economic position of, 42
women's movements, 42
see also Sex discrimination
Workers, rights of, 4
see also Association, freedom of; Employment; International Labour Organisation
360 Index
World Food Programme, 70
World Health Organisation (WHO), 53-4, 67— 8, 70
World Heritage, 21
Worship, freedom of, see Religion, freedom of
Yalata Aboriginal community (South
Australia), 49
Yirrkala Aboriginal community (South Australia), 49
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