Haar, Alfréd



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Hell, József Károly (Joseph Charles) (Selmecbánya-Szélakna, now Banska-Stiavnica, Slovakia, 15 May 1713 - Selmecbánya, 11 March 1789) – Mine master mechanic, a pioneer of mining mechanization. He was a son of Máté Kornél (Matthew Cornelius) Hell. He studied at the Mine Officers’ Training Institute in Selmecbánya. His first invention, a closed-frame, rocker arm water pump, began operation in 1738. This was the predecessor of the modem rocker arm oil pumps used all over the world. More significant was his invention operated by compressed air. In 1753 he implemented a system that used compressed air to lift water from the mines of Selmecbánya. He was the first to apply compressed air for such a purpose. This can be regarded as the forerunner of the airlift technique, used today in oil wells. In 1758 he built an improved version of the English Potter’s steam engine. He designed and put into operation a mine ventilation system in 1756, and built a crushing mill in 1766. He was also interested in weapon technology. – B: 0883, 1441, 1020, T: 7662.→Hell, Máté Kornél.

Hell, Máté Kornél (Matthew Cornelius) (Höll) (Schlakenwerth, Bohemia, now Czech Republic, 1650 - Selmecbánya, now Banská-Štiavnica, Slovakia, 1743) – Master mine mechanic. He settled in Selmecbánya in 1696. He had several inventions, such as the horse drawn water lifting mechanism. Upon his suggestion, István (Stephen) Mikovinyi designed and put into operation a water wheel pump in 1711. This mechanism was used in Sweden and in Bavaria, as the “Selmecbánya pump”. His modernized vertical shaft mine hoists were adopted all over Europe. – B: 0883, 1405, 1020,T: 7662.→Hell, József, Károly; Mine Elevator; Hell, Miksa.

Hell, Miksa S.J. (Maximilian) (Selmecbánya, now Banska Stievnica, Slovakiam 15 May 1720 - Vienna, 14 April 1792) - Astronomer, mathematician, physicist, writer, son of Máté Kornél (Matthew Cornelius) Hell. He entered the Jesuit Order, studied Philosophy at the University in Vienna, thereafter, he taught briefly at Lőcse (now Levoča, Slovakia), later, at the University of Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania). In 1755 he was appointed Director of the Astronomical Observatory of Vienna, and Professor of Mechanics at the University. Although he lived mostly in Vienna, his contacts with Hungarian astronomers remained continuous. The observatories at Kolozsvár, Eger, Buda and Nagyszombat (now Trnava, Slovakia) were built under his direction. He started the internationally respected astronomical periodical, Ephemerides Astronomicae, published until 1793. Commissioned by the Danish King Christian VII, he traveled with János (John) Sajnovics to Vardo, Norway, to make observations of the passage of the planet Venus in front of the Sun on 3 June 1769. On the basis of this event, he was the first to correctly calculate the distance between the Sun and the Earth. Several contemporary astronomers doubted the correctness of his result; but later measurements vindicated him. In the same year, he developed the method of measuring geographic latitude. His diverse interests are reflected in his writings. He published several books on mathematics between 1745 and 1755, including a book about the production and practical application of artificial magnets, several papers on astronomy and, based on the Gesta Hungarorum (History of the Hungarians) by 13th century Hungarian chronicler Anonymus, the early geography of Hungary. He was put in charge of the Organization of the Academy of Sciences of Vienna. – B: 0883, 1257, 1020, T: 7674.→Hell, Máté Kornél; Anonymus; Sajnovics, János.

Heller, Ágnes (Budapest, 12, May 1929 - ) – Philosopher, political scientist, survivor of the Holocaust; her family perished in a concentration camp. She studied Philosophy at the University of Budapest, under the guidance of György (George) Lukács. Later, she became an assistant professor in the Department of Philosophy. For her participation and solidarity with the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, she was expelled from the University and, for years, banned from publication. Between 1963 and 1973 she worked as a researcher at the Institute of Sociology in Budapest. Since she belonged to the Budapest School of Philosophers, the Government authority banned her from all teaching and research works in 1973. She was forced to leave Hungary in 1977, and emigrated to Australia, and taught Sociology at La Trobe University in Melbourne. In 1986 she moved to New York, where she was appointed to the Hannah Arendt Chair, as Professor of Philosophy at the New School for Social Research. Since the political change of 1989 in Hungary, she now spends half of the year in her native land, and teaches at the Universities at Budapest and Szeged. Her major works include The Dissolution of Moral Norms (Az erkölcsi normák felbomlása) (1957); The Renaissance Man (A reneszánsz ember) (1967); Theorie der Gefühle (A Theory of Emotions) (1980); A Theory of History (1982); Message of a Revolution (Egy forradalom üzenete) (1989); The Power of Shame (A szégyen hatalma) (1985, in Hungarian 1996); Beyond Justice (Az igazságosságon túl) (1985, in Hungarian 1990); The Idea of Beauty (A szépség fogalma) (1998), and Personal Ethics (Személyiségetika) (1999). Many of her works have been published in English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, Hungarian, as well as in other languages. She is a corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Science (1990). She was awarded the Lessing Prize of Hamburg (1989), the Széchenyi Prize (1995), and the Hannah Arendt Prize in Bremen (1995). She received an Honorary Doctorate from the La Trobe University Melbourne (1996) and from the University of Buenos Aires (1997). – B: 0875, 0878, 1251, 1257, T: 7103.→Lukács, György.

Heller-Forgó Air Condensation Cooling Plant – The spent steam of steam turbines is conducted into a partial vacuum condenser, where it is sprayed with cooling water. This cooling plant was patented by László Heller. He used László Forgó’s new heat exchanger system for his design. This cooling system requires only small quantities of water, making the development of thermal power plants possible in water-poor regions. – B: 1138, 1020, T: 7662.→Heller, László; Forgó, László.

Heller, István (Stephen) (Pest, 15 May 1813 - Paris, 14 January 1888) – Piano virtuoso, composer. He showed musical talent as a boy and played piano in public at the age of nine. He studied music theory under Alphonse Czibulka, and piano with Anton Halm in Vienna. From 1828 to 1830, he gave concerts as a traveling virtuoso in Hungary and Germany. First he settled at Augsburg, where he taught the children of an aristocrat lady; and by the help of a Count Fugger, took lessons in composition. In 1838, he moved to Paris which was to be his home. Here, he got acquainted with Hector Berlioz. Robert Schumann praised his compositions and found him a publisher. He played in England in 1849. He wrote very garceful and melodious pieces. His oeuvre include some two hundred piano pieces, among them 33 variations for Piano; Variation on the Theme by Bethoveen; Sieben Deutsche Lieder, and a successful book L’Art de phraser. His piano pieces and studies are still popular worldwide. – B: 0903, 0883, 1509, T: 7103.

Heller, László (Ladislas) (Nagyvárad, now Oradea, Romania, 1907 - Budapest, 1980) – Mechanical engineer. He received his qualifications in the Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule of Zürich, Switzerland. He remained at the school for two years after graduation to study some special aspects of the strength of material. He established an engineering consulting company after his return to Hungary and played a significant role in the development of power engineering before World War II. He was professor of the Budapest Polytechnic. He designed high-pressure boilers and worked on the improvement of their efficiency. He was the co-inventor of the Heller-Forgo air-cooling system, which became known worldwide as the Heller-System, applied in thermal power stations. With the introduction of entropy into practical designing he made a pioneering, basic contribution to engineering. He was a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. – B: 1138, 1153, T: 7662. Forgó, László; Heller-Forgó Air Condensation Cooling Plant.

Helsinki Accord – The Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe, signed on 31 August 1975 in Helsinki by the high representatives of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, German Democratic Republic, Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, the Holy See, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, United Kingdom, United States of America and Yugoslavia. The 10 main points of the Accord are: (1) Sovereign equality, respect for the rights inherent in sovereignty. (2) Refraining from the threat or use of force. (3) Inviolability of frontiers. (4) Territorial integrity of States. (5) Peaceful settlements of disputes. (6) Non-intervention in internal affairs. (7) Respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief. (8) Equal rights and self-determination of peoples. (9) Co-operation among States. (10) Fulfillment in good faith of obligations under international law. – B: 1138, 1020, T: 7677.

Heltai, Gáspár (Kaspar Heltner) (Nagyszeben, now Sibiu, Romania, 1510? - Kolozsvár, now Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 1574?) – Protestant pastor, writer, printer, a pioneer of idiomatic Hungarian prose writing and publishing. Around 1531 he came in contact with the humanist Bishop István Brodarics. Being of Saxon origin, Heltai began to learn Hungarian during 1536; and in the early 1540s he converted to the Lutheran faith. In 1543 he enrolled at the University of Wittenberg, and in 1544 returned to Hungary. He remained the pastor of the Saxon parish in Kolozsvár until his death. In 1550 he founded and managed a printing shop with György (George) Hoffgreff, until Heltai took over the business in 1559. In the same year he accepted the Reformed tenet. On becoming a disciple of Ferenc (Francis) Dávid, he converted to the Unitarian faith. Many of his publications were his own works. Through them he was instrumental in developing a uniform Hungarian spelling system. He was the most eminent Hungarian prose writer of the 16th century. Heltai’s main work is a collection of narratives, called A Hundred Fables (Száz Fabula) including Aesops’s Fables (Esopus meséi) (1566). His other major work, A Chronicle About the Affairs of the Hungarians (Chronica az Magyaroknac Dolgairól) (1575), is mainly a rewrite of Antonio Bonfini’s Hungarian history. Some of his minor writings appeared in Latin and German; a significant and important part of his literary output however, is in Hungarian. With the exception of a few books, he made a complete translation of the Bible, as well. – B: 0883, 1257, T: 7617.→Hoffgreff, György; Dávid, Ferenc; Bonfini, Antonio; Bible in Hungarian.

Heltai, Jenő (Eugene) (Budapest, 11 August 1871 - Budapest, 3 September 1957) – Writer, poet, playwright, journalist. Interrupting his law studies he turned to a career in journalism. He worked for the Hungarian Daily (Magyar Hírlap), The Week (A Hét), Pest Newspaper (Pesti Hírlap), Pest Diary (Pesti Napló). He lived for extended periods in London, Vienna, Berlin and Constantinople. In 1900 he was secretary of the Comedy Theater (Vígszíház), Budapest; then, from 1914 to 1918, he was its dramaturgist and director. From 1918 he was literary director at the Athenaeum Publishing Company. From 1928 he was one of the directors of the Inner City Theater (Belvárosi Színház), and of the Hungarian Theater (Magyar Színház) between 1932 and 1934. His unreserved versification of the light French flair of big city life brought him praise with such works as Modern Songs (Modern dalok) (1892); Kató (1894); Willow Whistle (Fűzfasíp) (1913) and Forgotten Poems (Elfelejtett Versek) (1947). Songs he wrote for the Singspiel “John the Hero” (János Vitéz) by Pongrác Kacsóh earned him wide popularity. The Bohemian world of the turn at the century was depicted with wit, humour and much affection in his novels. The moral falsities of the contemporary bourgeois classes were revealed with fine irony and subtle technique in his comedies for the stage. His plays in verse resurrected comedies of various eras in a characteristic ironic/romantic style. After 1945 he was a supporter of the People’s Democracy. For his translations of literary works he was awarded the French Honorary Prize. He was the Hungarian president of the PEN Club (the worldwide association of writers). His writings were translated into numerous languages. His main works include short stories: Writers, Actresses and Other Scoundrels (Irók szinésznők és más csirkefogók) (1910); Colourful Stones (Szines kövek) (1911); Wastepaper Basket (Papírkosár) (1927); Novels: The Last Bohemian (Az utolsó bohém) (1911); Family Hotel (1913); Jaguar (1914); The House of Dreams (Álmok háza) (1929); Plays Faces and Masks (Arcok és álarcok), (1925); The Dumb Knight (A néma levente) (1936); The Thousand-and-Second Night (Az ezerkettedik éjszaka) (1939), and Menagerie (Menazséria) (1962). He was recipient of the Kossuth Prize (1957). – B: 0883, 1257, T: 7667.→Kacsóh, Pongrác.

Hephthalites→White Huns.

Herceg, János (John) (Herczog) (Zombor, Hungary now Sombor, Serbia, 11 May 1909 - Doroszló now Doroslovo, Serbia, 29 January 1995) – Poet, writer, journalist, translator of literary works. Initially he studied in his hometown, then in Budapest. In the 1920s he appeared with his poems and reports. In the 1930s he was journalist and book publisher in Budapest. Between 1941 and 1944 he was a librarian at the City Library of Zombor, and editor of the periodical, Kalangya. From 1955 till 1957 he was editor of the periodical Bridge (Híd), and later literary editor of the Novi Sad Radio in Serbia. He retired to Doroszló. He wrote 47 major works, among them: In the Storm (Viharban) short stories (1933); Pepper and Cinnamon (Bors és fahéj) short stories (1951); Paper Ship (Papírhajó) studies (1953); Sky and Earth (Ég és föld) novel (1959); Shout from the Fog (Kiáltás a ködből) poems (1970); One Plus One (Egy meg egy) portraits (1968); Two Worlds (Két világ) studies (1972); Iketánia, novel (1987), and Gogoland, novel, (1992). – B: 1169, 1257, T: 7103.

Hercegszöllős, Canons of (Hercegszöllősi Kánonok) (Hercegszöllős, now Kneževi Vinogradi, Croatia) – The founder of the Hercegszöllős Reformed Congregation was Péter Kákony (11544-1549). The Synod took place under Bishop and Pastor Illés (Elias) Veresmarti. The Canons were accepted by the Synod of the Reformed Congregations held at Hercegszöllős on 16 and 17 August 1576. At the Synod 40 ministers of the local churches along the Danube attended. During their discussions they itemized (arranged into canons) all those issues, which characterized them as Reformed Christians and all the people they represented. It also set out what is expected of them as Reformed faithful, as ministers, and as a congregation according to the standards of the times. These Canons of Hercegszöllős summarized in Latin in 47 points the first organizational and theological principles and rules of the Reformed Christians of the regions adjoining the Danube, as well as those of Transdanubia including the Baranya area. These Canons determined for a long time the life of the Reformed Christian Congregations. István (Stephen) Szegedi Kis was the author of the Canons, and later Máté (Matthew) Skaricza revised and translated them into Hungarian. With some of these Canons the Reformed Church distinguished herself from the Lutheran Church. The laws appeared in print in the printing press of Gál Huszár at Pápa a year later. In 2007, the Canons were published in archaic and modern Hungarian, as well as in Latin and Croatian. – B: 1105, 1613, 0940, T: 7456.→Szegedi Kis, István; Skaricza, Máté; Huszár, Gál; Reformed Church in Hungary, History of; Reformed Church in Yugoslavia.

Herczeg, Ferenc (Francis) (Versec, Hungary, now Vršac, Serbia, 22 September 1863 - Budapest, 24 February 1954) – Writer. He was born into a wealthy Schwabian family. He attended high school at Temesvár (now Timişoara, Romania) and Szeged. He learned Hungarian at Fehértemplom, Hungary (now Bela Crkva, Serbia); completed Law School in Budapest (1881-1884), and worked at Budapest, Versec and Temesvár. His first short stories appeared in the Pest Journal (Pesti Hirlap) in 1886. His first novel, Up and Down (Fenn és lenn) of 1890 was a success and established his popularity. In 1894 he founded a literary weekly, entitled New Times (Új Idők) and edited it till 1944. He was detained during the communist-led Council (Soviet) Republic in 1919. He was the principal contributor of the Pesti Hírlap (Pest Newspaper), and emphasized the need for national unity. He had a strong role in the Irredentist Movement, but was always against Nazism, and advocated for Hungary’s withdrawal from World War II. His major works include Gyurkovics Sisters, Gyurkovics Boys (Gyurkovics lányok, Gyrkovics fiúk) (1893), its adaptation for stage was a world success in 1899; as was Blue Fox (Kék Róka) (1917). His novels are Pagans (Pogányok) (1902); Byzantium (Bizánc) (1904); The Seven Schwabs (A hét sváb) (1916, 1983); The Gate of Life (Az élet kapuja) (1920), and Northern Light (Északi fény). He was the representative of the conservative-patriotic ideology in Hungarian literature at the beginning of the 20th century. He was a member of the Kisfaludy Society (Kisfaludy Társaság), president of the Petőfi Society (Petőfi Társaság), and vice president of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. His academic office and membership were abolished in 1949; his banned works were again published in 1980 and his historical novels were republished in 1983. – B: 0881, 0883, 0887, 1257, T: 7103.

Herding Dogs – Probably the first domesticated animals of the Hungarians, used as a hunting companion in the beginning. With the advent of shepherding, two types of dogs came into existence through natural selection. The big bodied, white coated, guarding and defending type komondor and kuvasz; easily distinguished from the predatos at night by its light color. The latter one was also a good herder dog. The smaller and faster herder dogs, the puli, pumi and mudi, were mostly black. Presently the mudi is the preferred dog among the Hungarian shepherds. – B: 1345, 1020, T: 3240.→Mudi; Pumi; Puli; Komondor; Kuvasz.

Herdsmen’s Runic Numerals→Hungarian Runic Script.

Herend – The oldest porcelain factory of Hungary, located in County Veszprém in Western Hungary (Transdanubia, Dunántúl) is the oldest porcelain factory of Hungary, creating porcelain objects of artistic value. It was founded by the faience and stone vessel maker Vince F. Stingl. In 1839 Mór Fischer, a porcelain painter, took over the factory and introduced the new technique of creating porcelain objects. At first his experiments were not successful as a commercial venture; but in 1841 he switched to imitating of old Chinese and 18th century European porcelain types of Meissen and Sèvres. Retaining his old fashioned style he achieved remarkable success at both home and abroad. At first his operation was restricted to the replenishment of the porcelain sets of aristocratic families; but soon after he produced independent samples. The great Hungarian families, the Esterházys, Batthyányis, Pálffys and members of foreign ruling families were his first customers. These unique creations also achieved a remarkable success both at home and abroad. In 1873, under his son’s guidance, the quality deteriorated and led to bankruptcy. However, the grandson of the founder saved it from ruin and restored it to its original level of excellence. In the millennium year of 1896, they made newer strides; and from the 1920’s its products were individualized depicting flower motives of the Bakony region. Later, the fabrication of figurines again raised the reputation of the factory. Production between the two world wars was diversified with the inclusion of the “porcelain plastic” art. The expertise of the local artists was turned to a great advantage for the factory. The achievements of the 115-year-old factory were presented in 1954 at the Museum of Industrial Arts in Budapest. This factory of world fame includes products that are hand-painted and houses a permanent exhibition and museum section. – B: 1138, 1153, T: 7680.→Fischer, Mór; Stingl, Vince Ferenc.


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