(1267-1337) began to reverse this decline in the arts. According to Vasari, antique art was central to the rebirth of Italian art. During the 12th century in Europe, there was a radical change in the rate of new inventions and innovations in the ways of managing traditional means of production and economic growth. In less than a century, there were more inventions developed and applied usefully than in the previous thousand years of human history allover the globe. The period saw major technological advances, including the adoption or invention of printing, gunpowder, spectacles, abetter clock, the astrolabe, and greatly improved ships. The latter two advances made possible the dawn of the Age of Exploration.
Alfred Crosby described some of this technological revolution in The Measure of Re-
ality : Quantification in Western Europe, 1250-1600 and other major historians of
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