Name: answer key teacher Period

American Imperialism From Isolationism to Expansionism
Why?	Examples:
Military Alfred T. Mahan argued for a strong Navy in his book “Influence of Sea Power Upon History” Protection of territories Refueling ports Increase trade Economic/Political Need for raw materials and markets. Open Door Policy— U.S. declares continued trade with China. Boxer Rebellion Dollar Diplomacy— Taft’s idea to give economic support to other countries. Roosevelt Corollary of the Monroe Doctrine— justified sending U.S. troops to intervene in Central America. Social Spread of American institutions Missionary zeal White Man’s Burden	Annexation of Hawaii Sandford B. Dole Missionaries Military Port Commodore Perry opens Japan to trade Henry Cabot Lodge and Theodore Roosevelt pushed for expansionism— what is that? Desire to expand territory for economic, social, or political gain How was this different from previous U.S. foreign policy? Isolationism was original foreign policy (neutrality) Panama Canal Huge undertaking that Theodore Roosevelt oversaw Improved trade and military movement Malaria/challenges of geography
Think About It: How did these events move the U.S. into the position as a world power? Social, economic and political motives in addition to acquiring territory moved the U.S. as world power. 9

Review this short war and its impact by filling in the blanks

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  1898
  

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  USS Maine is sent to Cuba to protect U.S. interests
  

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  Explodes and seen as an attack on the U.S.
  

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  Havana, Cuba
  

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  San Juan Hill Victory of Rough Riders led by
  

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  Philippines
  

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  Media—
  

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  Land—
  

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  Sea—
  

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  U.S. acquired territory from Spain—Guam, Puerto Rico, and Philippines
  
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  Platt Amendment— U.S. could intervene in Cuba
  
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  What was the result? U.S. moves into world power
  
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  Why is this war considered a turning point? U.S. began to have more international influence
  

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  Yellow journalism—Pulitzer and Hearst newspapers used this exaggerated form of journalism
  

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  U.S. vs. Spain
  

 DéLome letter calls President

McKinley weak. Americans are

outraged

__________________________

USS Maine sinks and the U.S. blames Spain

10

Technological Innovations?

 Tanks

 Machine guns

 Airplanes

• 
  
  Effects of Technological Innovations

  Western Front— hundreds of miles of battle front along eastern France

  Trench warfare … led to a

  Stalemate led to …

  Massive casualties
  
  Who?
  

  • 
    President Wilson initially declared neutrality
    
  
  
  
  • 
    Alliances:
    
  
  Allies vs. Central Powers
  
  • 
    American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) led by John J. Pershing
    
  • 
    Argonne Forest one of the most famous battles (1918)because it shattered the German defenses
    
  • 
    Alvin York won the Congressional Medal of Honor
    
  
  
  
  • 
    Journalism—Pulitzer and Hurst newspapers used this exaggerated form of journalism
    
  
  

When 1917

Sussex Pledge

Lusitania is sunk

Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare

Ties to Allies

Zimmerman Telegram

Sussex Pledge


11

The Roaring Twenties

(The Great American Mullet)

Instructions: Fill in the importance of each of the following:

POLITICAL

 “Return to Normalcy” — President Harding’s

reduced role of U.S. government / laissez-faire

policies

Harding & Teapot Dome Scandal

18^TH Amendment—Prohibition of Alcohol

19^th Amendment— women’s right to vote

21^st Amendment—repealed prohibition

ECONOMIC

Economy?

$Henry Ford—built first affordable cars on a large scale

$^{Laissez-Faire-little government regulation led to rapid growth in business}

$Buying-on-Credit-allowed consumers to purchase goods and to pay in installments; increased buying

SOCIAL

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  Red Scare/Sacco-Vanzetti—reflected nativist feelings related to anti-communism
  
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  Growth of nativism-after WWI, increased fear led to Red Scare
  
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  Immigration Quota/Citizenship Act of 1924-restricted immigration from Southern/Eastern Europe
  
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  Eugenics-desire to restrict certain groups; driven by nativism (Racism by science)
  
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  Great Migration influenced culture-movement of African Americans to large urban areas for jobs
  
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  Social Darwinism-survival of the fittest applied
  

SOCIAL—modernism v. traditionalism

Adventure—

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  Charles Lindbergh—1^st person to fly the Atlantic Ocean
  
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  Glenn Curtiss — Aviation Pioneer that was 1^st to design seaplane that could take off and land on water
  

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  Flappers-greater independence
  
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  Frances Willard — Temperance Movement
  
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  Women’s Rights Movement
  

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  Prohibition Organized Crime-increased
  
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  Scopes “Monkey” Trial— clash between traditionalism and modernism over teaching evolution.
  

William Jennings Bryan

Art, Music & Literature

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  Jazz Age – birth of new music-awakening of African American Culture
  
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  Harlem Renaissance
  

Marcus Garvey-political activist

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  Tin Pan Alley—NYC area that mixed culture and music to form new pop music
  

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  Lost Generation —F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby; Ernest Hemingway; Sinclair Lewis-captured the spirit of change in the 20s with new values
  

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  Overproduction
  
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  Speculation and buying on margin
  
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  Buying on credit
  
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  Bad banking practices
  
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  Federal trade policies
  

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  People who invested in stock market couldn’t repay loans
  
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  Bank runs/failures
  
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  Reduced demand for goods/unemployment
  

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  Rugged individualism
  
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  Believed government involvement should be limited
  
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  Reconstruction Finance Corp.
  
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  Mexican Repatriation Act— Hoover passed act to send Mexican American immigrants to their home country
  
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  Hoovervilles
  

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  Widespread unemployment
  
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  Business failures
  
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  Foreclosures
  
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  Homelessness – hobos
  
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  Americans looked to government to solve economic problems
  

• 
  Where? area of the Great Plains
  
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  Why? periods of drought, over-production of soil, winds
  
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  Impact? economic disaster that destroyed harvests and farms
  
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  Dorothea Lange—photographer who captured the difficulties
  

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  Promised a New Deal- turning point in government involvement in the economy
  
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  “Fireside Chats” reassured Americans
  
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  Eleanor Roosevelt —political activist
  
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  Frances Perkins – 1^st female U.S. Cabinet member as Secretary of Labor
  

• 
  Relief—bank holiday—CCC, PWA, WPA, (Alphabet Soup) programs
  
• 
  Recovery —support production
  
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  Reform—FDIC; Security Exchange Commission; Social Security Act
  

• 
  A number of people were critical of FDR’s New Deal including constitutional challenges that the federal government was overstepping its power
  

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  FDR plan to add appointed justices to the Supreme Court to vote in favor of New Deal
  
• 
  Viewed as challenge to separation of powers
  

• 
  Moved from gold standard to fiat (paper) money to expand money supply and stimulate economy 13
  

Hideki Tojo—military leader of Japan; prime minister during Pearl Harbor Attack Flying Tigers—volunteer U.S. pilots who supplied China Bataan Death March—U.S. prisoners forced by Japanese on 60 mi. march in Philippines Island-Hopping—military strategy of liberating islands from Japan Navajo Code Talkers—group of military who used Navajo language to code communication Chester Nimitz— U.S. Pacific fleet commander; instrumental in stopping Japan’s advance Douglas Macarthur— commanded U.S. Army in the Pacific George Marshall—acted as Chief of Staff-Army; worked with FDR regarding military/strategy Battle of Midway—turning point in war in Pacific Atomic bombs dropped—Hiroshima & Nagasaki; war ends

Neutrality Acts/Lend Lease Act—early U.S. attempts to remain neutral/support Britain Roosevelt—president during WWII; initially supported internationalism until Pearl Harbor Appeasement—attempt to prevent conflict by giving in to demands; ex. Germany Pearl Harbor—U.S. enters war after Japan executes surprise attack on naval base Executive Order 9066 + Internment Camps—wartime fear resulted in internment of Japanese Americans; raised constitutional issues Office of War Information + Propaganda—government organization that supported war effort; posters, radio programs, conservation War bonds, rationing, victory gardens—efforts to economically support the war Volunteering/patriotism—government encouraged citizens to support/sacrifice Enlist—Selective Service/Training Act provided build-up of armed forces in 1940; recruits known as GIs Mobilization—gathering military equipment & personnel to support war effort Vernon J. Baker—received Congressional Medal of Honor for courage in Europe U.S. entry—FDR asks Congress to declare war Dec. 8, 1941

Adolf Hitler—Nazi leader of Germany; extreme nationalism; wanted Europe Benito Mussolini—fascist leader of Italy Joseph Stalin—established totalitarian dictatorship in Soviet Union Dictatorship—weak economic and political factors following WWI allowed dictators to seize power Aggression—German invasions Poland, etc.; Italy built-up military; Japan seized much territory in Asia Winston Churchill—prime minister of Great Britain; defiantly defended Britain Fascism—aggressive nationalism; expansion of territory George Patton—commanded U.S. forces invading N. Africa/Sicily Dwight Eisenhower—Supreme ALLIED cOMMANDER in Europe Omar Bradley—Americancommander of D-Day invasion of Omaha and Utah beaches, coast of France D-Day Invasion & Normandy—largest amphibious operation that moved Allies eastward to German strongholds Tuskegee Airmen— African American fighter pilot group that served with distinction; paved way for military integration Holocaust—Nazi murder of nearly 6 million Jewish people Liberation of concentration camps— as Allies advanced into Europe, U.S. Army units were some of the 1^st to report camp atrocities

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15

United States/ Western Europe

U.S.S.R. (Soviet Union)

Who was involved?

Political Characteristics:

• 
  communist government
  
• 
  one political party
  
• 
  restricted freedoms
  

• 
  communist economy
  
• 
  no private property
  
• 
  government controls industry
  

• 
  representative government
  
• 
  multi-party system
  
• 
  protected freedoms—Economic Characteristics
  

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  free enterprise system
  

• 
  private ownership of property
  
• 
  supply & demand set prices
  
• 
  limited government involvement
  

Warsaw Pact— Soviet Union and Eastern European alliance to defend each other

Satellite Nations —communist countries of Eastern Europe

Iron Curtain — phrase used by Churchill to describe the division Western and communist Eastern Europe

Berlin Wall — built by the Soviet Union to cut off East Berlin from democratic West Berlin

16

COLD WAR