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US-Turkey relations Bad- Human Rights
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US-Turkey relations Bad- Human RightsU.S.-Turkey Relations lead to human rights abusesPriest 98[Dana Priest, Washington Post Staff Writer, “New Human Rights Law Triggers Policy Debate; Military Aid Restrictions Said to Harm U.S. Interests”, 12/31/98, lexis]The State Department this month rejected a request from defense giant General Dynamics Corp. for U.S. financing to help Turkey buy armored vehicles for police operating in provinces where state-sponsored torture "is a longstanding and pervasive practice," according to an internal State Department document. The decision marked the first serious test of a human rights law, passed by Congress in 1996 and expanded this year, that prohibits U.S. funds, in this case U.S. loan guarantees, from aiding units of foreign security forces that have been involved in human rights violations. While the overall effect of the ruling was relatively modest -- General Dynamics completed the deal with its own financing -- the application of the law proved anything but simple. It ignited an angry dispute within the government, with opponents -- including the U.S. ambassador to Turkey and a senator whose state manufactures the vehicles, as well as General Dynamics executives -- arguing that the decision would increase Turkey's hostility to human rights and jeopardize U.S. business and national security interests. State Department officials said they do not expect the law, which was sponsored by Sen. Patrick J. Leahy (D-Vt.), to drastically alter Washington's deep involvement with Turkey, a NATO ally to which the United States has sold or given more than $ 15 billion worth of weapons since 1980. But it is likely to cause future debate over policy in Turkey and other countries with controversial rights records, especially those, like Algeria, Colombia, Mexico, Indonesia, Rwanda and China, where the U.S. military is seeking to expand its relationships despite concerns about human rights. In anticipation of future disputes, the State Department recently set up an interagency group to work out how to implement the Leahy law, which applies to most military assistance and, after its scope was expanded by Congress this year, to all military training activities funded by the Defense Department. The $ 45 million General Dynamics deal involved 140 vehicles, including 11-ton, armored Patrollers, equipped with water cannons, ramming arms and front gun ports for urban anti-riot police, and Dragoons, an armored personnel carrier that would transport anti-terror police. Attorneys at the U.S. Export-Import Bank first raised questions this fall about whether the Leahy law applied to General Dynamics' loan guarantee request. Human rights violations cause extinctionHR Web 94 (Human Rights Web, “An Introduction to the Human Rights Movement”, 7-20, http://www.hrweb.org/intro.html) The United Nations Charter, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and UN Human Rights convenants were written and implemented in the aftermath of the Holocaust, revelations coming from the Nuremberg war crimes trials, the Bataan Death March, the atomic bomb, and other horrors smaller in magnitude but not in impact on the individuals they affected. A whole lot of people in a number of countries had a crisis of conscience and found they could no longer look the other way while tyrants jailed, tortured, and killed their neighbors. Many also realized that advances in technology and changes in social structures had rendered war a threat to the continued existence of the human race. Large numbers of people in many countries lived under the control of tyrants, having no recourse but war to relieve often intolerable living conditions. Unless some way was found to relieve the lot of these people, they could revolt and become the catalyst for another wide-scale and possibly nuclear war. For perhaps the first time, representatives from the majority of governments in the world came to the conclusion that basic human rights must be protected, not only for the sake of the individuals and countries involved, but to preserve the human race. US-Turkey Relations Bad-IranTurkey Relations Cause Iranian ProlifHadar 10 [Leon Hadar Washington Correspondent for The Business Times, “A new storyline in the old Middle-East saga; Evolving values of a new empowered Turkish majority are creating the foundations for a more independent foreign policy that is neither 'pro' or 'anti' American” 7/10/10, Lexis] From that perspective, Turkish policies are very pragmatic, recognising the limits - pressure from the military and the secular middle class and concerns over national interests - of the ability of the AKP to advance a more Islamist agenda at home and abroad. In fact, much of the government's foreign policy seem to be based less on Islamist ideology and more on Realpolitik considerations and economic interests. Ankara refused to permit the US to use its territory to invade Iraq but has worked closely with the current government in Baghdad and improved relations with Iran and Syria as part of an effort to deny Kurdish guerillas safe havens in these countries. And contrary to spin in Washington that portrayed Turkey (and Brazil, another close US ally) as trying to sabotage attempts by the US and its allies to end Iran's nuclear military programme, the accord reached with Teheran, under which the Iranians agreed to deposit 1,200 kg of low grade uranium in Turkey to be exchanged for 120 kg of higher grade uranium in nuclear fuel rods, was very much in line with earlier UN proposals. Extinction Allison 10 [Graham Allison , Director of the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs and Douglas Dillon Professor of Government at Harvard Kennedy School “Nuclear Disorder: Surveying Atomic Threats,” http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/19819/nuclear_disorder.html] In 2004, the secretary-general of the UN created a panel to review future threats to international peace and security. It identified nuclear Armageddon as the prime threat, warning, "We are approaching a point at which the erosion of the nonproliferation regime could become irreversible and result in a cascade of proliferation. " Developments since 2004 have only magnified the risks of an irreversible cascade. The current global nuclear order is extremely fragile, and the three most urgent challenges to it are North Korea, Iran, and Pakistan. If North Korea and Iran become established nuclear weapons states over the next several years, the nonproliferation regime will have been hollowed out. If Pakistan were to lose control of even one nuclear weapon that was ultimately used by terrorists, that would change the world. It would transform life in cities, shrink what are now regarded as essential civil liberties, and alter conceptions of a viable nuclear order. Henry Kissinger has noted that the defining challenge for statesmen is to recognize "a change in the international environment so likely to undermine a nation's security that it must be resisted no matter what form the threat takes or how ostensibly legitimate it appears. " The collapse of the existing nuclear order would constitute just such a change -- and the consequences would make nuclear terrorism and nuclear war so imminent that prudent statesmen must do everything feasible to prevent it. 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