Inter-american commission on human rights

610 El Imparcial. March 1, 2010. State police officers attack journalist. Available at: http://www.elimparcial.com/EdicionEnLinea/Notas/Policiaca/01032011/500228.aspx. El Portal de la Noticia. March 2, 2011. Journalists: Who's next? Available at: http://www.elportaldelanoticia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1850:periodistas-iquien-sigue&catid=26:el-zancudo; Knight Center for Journalism in the Americas. March 2, 2011. Mexican police attack photographer covering shooting. Available at: http://knightcenter.utexas.edu/blog/mexican-police-attack-photographer-covering-shooting. Cf. National Human Rights Committee (CNDH in its Spanish acronym). March 5, 2011. CGCP/054/11. CNDH investigates attack on cameraman. Available at: http://www.cndh.org.mx/node/37

611 Noticieros Televisa. March 4, 2011. Shootings reported in Saltillo. Available at: http://noticierostelevisa.esmas.com/nacional/265987/reportan-balaceras-saltillo; Vanguardia. March 9, 2011. CDHDF requests protection for communicator attacked by the police in Coahuila. Available at: http://www.vanguardia.com.mx/pidelacdhdfprotegeracomunicadoragredidoporlapoliciadecoahuila-668972.html; National Human Rights Committee (CNDH). March 5, 2011. CGCP/054/11. CNDH investigates attack on cameraman. Available at: http://www.cndh.org.mx/sites/all/fuentes/documentos/Comunicados/2011/COM_2011_054.pdf

612 Article 19/IFEX. February 16, 2011. Journalist injured while covering protest in Oaxaca. Available at: http://www.ifex.org/mexico/2011/02/16/mota_shot/; El Universal. February 15, 2011. Reporter shot in Oaxaca. Available at: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/745052.html

613 El Universal. January 9, 2011. Grenades thrown at Piedras Negras Televisa. Available at: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/736083.html; Vanguardia. December 9, 2011. Two grenades thrown at television station in Piedras Negras, Coahuila. Available at: http://www.vanguardia.com.mx/lanzan2granadasatelevisoraenpiedrasnegrascoahuila-627949.html; the Public Ministry of the Federation launched initial inquiry AP/PGR/OACH/PN-11/01/DD/2011. Cf. Office of the Attorney General of the Republic (PGR). January 8, 2011. State Bulletin DPE/0036/11. Available at: http://www.pgr.gob.mx/prensa/2007/delega11/coah080111DPE003611.shtm

614 The Public Ministry of the Federation launched initial inquiry AP/PGR/OACH/PN-11/01/DD/2011. Cf. Office of the Attorney General of the Republic (PGR). January 8, 2011. State Bulletin DPE/0036/11. Available at: http://www.pgr.gob.mx/prensa/2007/delega11/coah080111DPE003611.shtm

615 El Universal. February 26, 2011. Journalist and publicist attacked in Morelos. Available at: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/747883.html; Center on Journalism and Public Ethics (CEPET). February 28, 2011. AP reporter and Radio Fórmula employee fired at in Morelos. Available at: http://libexmexico.wordpress.com/2011/03/01/disparan-contra-reportero-y-empleado-de-radio-formula-morelos-denuncian-omision-de-autoridades-locales/. Cf. National Human Rights Committee (CNDH in its Spanish acronym). February 27, 2011. CGCP/049/11. CNDH investigates attack on journalist. Available at: http://www.cndh.org.mx/sites/all/fuentes/documentos/Comunicados/2011/COM_2011_049.pdf

616 El Regional. February 28, 2011. Authorities fail to address attacks on journalists. Available at: http://www.elregional.com.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=14661:desatienden-autoridades-agresion-a-periodistas&catid=42:local&Itemid=63; El Universal. February 26, 2011. PGR takes up case of attack on journalist and publicist. Available at: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/747966.html

617 National Human Rights Committee (CNDH in its Spanish acronym). February 27, 2011. CGCP/049/11. CNDH investigates attack on journalist. Available at: http://www.cndh.org.mx/sites/all/fuentes/documentos/Comunicados/2011/COM_2011_049.pdf

618 Diario Xalapa. February 26, 2011. Reporter and his father freed. Available at: http://www.oem.com.mx/diariodexalapa/notas/n1981225.htm; Coatza Digital. February 25, 2011. “Kidnapping” of journalists Fabián Antonio Santiago and Margarito Santiago confirmed. Available at: http://www.coatzadigital.net/2011/02/confirman-levanton-de-periodistas.html

619 State Commission for the Defense of Journalists. Veracruz State Government. February 25, 2011. Press Release CEDEP-OM/Bol./No.041/11. CEDEP demand guarantees for journalist in Jaltipan, Ver., Fabian Antonio Santiago Hernández. Available at:http://portal.veracruz.gob.mx/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/COMISIONDEFENSAPERIODISTAS/DIFUSION/BOLETINES/NOTA%20DE%20PRENSA_041_CEDEP_FEBRERO_2011.PDF; El Diario del Sur. February 25, 2011. Journalists kidnapped. Available at: http://www.diariodelsur.mx/?p=12075

620 Knight Center for Journalism. May 31, 2011. Grenade thrown at newspaper offices in the north of Mexico. Available at: http://knightcenter.utexas.edu/es/blog/lanzan-granada-contra-diario-en-el-norte-de-mexico; CNN. May 30, 2011. Armed men attack newspaper in Coahuila with a grenade. http://mexico.cnn.com/nacional/2011/05/30/hombres-armados-atacan-con-una-granada-un-diario-de-coahuila; El Universal. May 30, 2011. Grenade thrown at newspaper Vanguardia. Available at: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/768978.html

621 Office of the Attorney General of the Republic. May 30, 2011. AP/PGR/COAH/SALT/AG-IV/DD/217/2011. Available at: http://www.pgr.gob.mx/prensa/2007/bol11/May/b59111.shtm

622 See National Human Rights Committee (CNDH in its Spanish acronym). May 31, 2011. CGCP/12/11. Protection sought for Vanguardia personnel. Available at: http://www.cndh.org.mx/sites/all/fuentes/documentos/Comunicados/2011/COM_2011_129.pdf; CNDH. May 30, 2011. CGCP/128/11. Ex officio complaint over attack on newspaper. Available at: http://www.cndh.org.mx/sites/all/fuentes/documentos/Comunicados/2011/COM_2011_128.pdf

623 Milenio. June 24, 2011. PGJE investigating attack on journalist Jacobo Elnecavé. Available at: http://www.milenio.com/cdb/doc/noticias2011/0431a64440f070c6e5fc79c12fe5fdfe; El Universal. June 30, 2011. CNDH doing inquiry into attack on journalist in Chiapas. Available at: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/estados/80987.html. Milenio. July 6, 2011. Government collaborating in case of Jacobo Elnecavé. Available at: http://impreso.milenio.com/node/8987412

624 Knight Center for Journalism in the Americas. August 6, 2011. Mexican journalist alleges illegal arrest. Available at: http://knightcenter.utexas.edu/blog/mexican-journalist-alleges-illegal-arrest; El Sol de Morelia. August 6, 2011. Inquiry over restriction on freedom of expression. Available at: http://www.oem.com.mx/elsoldemorelia/notas/n2175813.htm

625 Knight Center for Journalism in the Americas. October 12, 2011. Reporter and newspaper in Mexico accuse mayor of ordering attacks. Available at: http://knightcenter.utexas.edu/blog/reporter-and-newspaper-mexico-accuse-mayor-ordering-attacks. Metro Noticias. September 22, 2011. Reporter denounces Madero mayor. Available at: http://www.metronoticias.com.mx/nota.cgi?id=62529; El Sol de Sur. September 21, 2011. Press Release from El Sol del Sur. Available at: http://www.elsoldelsurtampico.com/denuncia-agresion-a-el-sol-del-sur/

626 National Center for Social Communication (CENCOS/IFEX). October 20, 2011. Quintana Roo journalists harassed for revealing information on poor management of public money. Available at: http://www.ifex.org/mexico/2011/10/20/luces_del_siglo/es/; Diario Avanzada. November 9, 2011. Threats and attacks against Quintana Roo journalists denounced. Available at: http://www.diarioavanzada.com.mx/noticia.php?id=81811; Knight Center for Journalism in the Americas. October 19, 2011. Cancun Magazine denounces threats and insults from former Mexican governor. Available at: http://knightcenter.utexas.edu/es/blog/revista-de-cancun-denuncia-amenazas-e-insultos-de-ex-gobernador-mexicano

627 La Red Noticias. November 1, 2011. General condemnation of repression of social leaders and attacks on journalists. Available at: http://www.larednoticias.com/noticias.cfm?n=69698; Organización Editorial Mexicana (OEM). November 1, 2011. Demonstrators beaten and journalists subjected to violence. Available at: http://www.oem.com.mx/laprensa/notas/n2291925.htm; El Diario. November 2, 2011. The 28 arrested freed on bail. Available at: http://www.diario.com.mx/notas.php?f=2011/11/02&id=674b122a5e2f43c485fcd2cf8a64b328; El Diario. November 3, 2011. Officers who attacked reporters to be punished: Arcelús. Available at: http://www.diario.com.mx/notas.php?f=2011/11/02&id=bcfd9601696cb08def38e417d6d9a5f6

628 Artículo 19/CENCOS. December 16, 2010. Journalist Anabel Hernández alleges death threats after publishing investigation. Available at: http://radioinformaremosmexico.wordpress.com/2010/12/19/la-periodista-anabel-hernandez-denuncia-amenazas-de-muerte-tras-publicar-investigacion/; Women’s Communication and Information (CIMAC). December 16, 2010. Journalist Anabel Hernández alleges plan for attack on her life. Available at: http://www.cimacnoticias.com.mx/site/10121607-Denuncia-periodista.45541.0.html

629 National Human Rights Committee (CNDH in its Spanish acronym). December 1, 2010. CGCP/306/10. Journalist files complaint. Available at: http://www.cndh.org.mx/sites/all/fuentes/documentos/Comunicados/2010/COM_2010_306.pdf

630 Medios Latinos. March 30, 2011. Periódico Mexicano cierra temporalmente por amenazas. Available at: http://www.kas.de/wf/en/221.76/; Zapateando 2. March 31, 2011. Cierra el Sur sus oficinas en Acapulco. Available at: http://zapateando2.wordpress.com/2011/03/31/cierra-el-sur-sus-oficinas-en-acapulco/

631 See IACHR. Annual Report 2010. OEA/SER.L/V/II. Doc. 5. March 7, 2011. Volume II: Annual Report of the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression. Para. 639. Available at: http://www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/2010eng/RELATORIA_2010_ENG.pdf

632 CNDH. December 30, 2009. CNDH demands respect for journalists’ source confidentiality. Available at: http://www.cndh.org.mx/sites/all/fuentes/documentos/Comunicados/2009/COM_2009_173.pdf

633 Proceso. April 16, 2011. Italian journalist deported over “incident” with Calderón. Available at: http://www.proceso.com.mx/?p=268085; Knight Center for Journalism in the Americas. April 18, 2011. Mexico deports critical Italian journalist. Available at: http://knightcenter.utexas.edu/blog/mexico-deports-critical-italian-journalist; Periodistas en Español. April 20, 2011. Censorship in Mexico: Italian journalist and professor Giovanni Proiettis deported. Available at: http://www.periodistas-es.org/reporteros/censura-en-mexico-expulsado-al-periodista-y-profesor-italiano-giovanni-proiestti

634 Informador. June 30, 2011. Journalist Lydia Cacho reveals new death threats. Available at: http://www.informador.com.mx/mexico/2011/303497/6/la-periodista-lydia-cacho-revela-nuevas-amenazas-de-muerte.htm; Noticieros Televisa. June 29, 2011. Lydia Cacho alleges new death threats against her. Available at: http://noticierostelevisa.esmas.com/nacional/304328/denuncia-lydia-cacho-amenazas-muerte-contra

635 See IACHR. Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression. 2010 Special Report on Freedom of Expression in Mexico. OEA/Ser.L/V/II Doc. 5. March 7, 2011. Paras. 170-174. Available at: www.cidh.oas.org/relatoria/ShowDocument.asp?DocumentID=229

636 Cf. IACHR. Lydia Cacho et al. Mexico. Precautionary Measures. MC 192/09. August 10, 2009. Available at: http://www.oas.org/es/cidh/defensores/proteccion/cautelares.asp

637 Communication dated March 25, 2011, from the State of Mexico to the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression. OEA-000680. Pg. 2; La Jornada. March 6, 2011. Presumed Guilty. Available at: http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2011/03/06/opinion/a09a1esp

638 Proceso. February 18, 2011. Presumed Guilty: Reasonable doubt. Available at: http://www.proceso.com.mx/?p=263507; CNN. March 4, 2011. The background of the complaint against the documentary ‘Presumed Guilty.’ Available at: http://m.cnnmexico.com/nacional/2011/03/04/el-trasfondo-de-la-demanda-contra-el-documental-presunto-culpable&pagina=1

639 Communication dated March 25, 2011, from the State of Mexico to the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression. OEA-000680. Pg. 3.

640 Cinépolis News. May 26, 2011. “Presumed Guilty” will reach Latin America without censorship. Available at: http://www.cinepolisnews.com/2011/05/26/llegara-presunto-culpable-sin-censura-a-latinoamerica/; La Jornada. March 22, 2011. Cinépolis appeals ruling on ‘Presumed guilty.’ Available at: http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2011/03/22/politica/022n3pol

641 Communication dated March 25, 2011, from the State of Mexico to the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression. OEA-000680. Pg. 4.

642 The main news items to be published that day addressed the government acquisition of armored patrols, the sentencing of a man accused of corrupting minors to 13 years in prison, the report of a murder in broad daylight in Cancun, and the problems facing a tourism fair in Quintana Roo. Excelsior. March 31, 2011. Newspaper Novedades de Quintana Roo suffers suppression. Available at: http://www.excelsior.com.mx/index.php?m=nota&id_nota=726476; Novedades. April 1, 2011. Suppression of newspaper Novedades de Q. Roo. Available at: http://www.novenet.com.mx/portada.php?id=200947; El Economista. April 1, 2011. Newspaper Novedades de Quintana Roo censored. Available at: http://eleconomista.com.mx/sociedad/2011/04/01/censuran-diario-novedades-quintana-roo; SIPSE. April 3, 2011. Censorship of newspaper Novedades de Quintana Roo violates Constitution. Available at: http://www.sipse.com/noticias/96156-censura-novedades-quintana-viola-constitucion.html; SIPSE. April 1, 2011. Ombudsman rejects suppression of Novedades de Quintana Roo. Available at: http://sipse.com/noticias/95976-ombudsman-rechaza-represion-novedades-quintana-.html

643 Article 19/CENCOS/IFEX. June 20, 2011. Chiapas reporter prevented from covering public hearing. Available at: http://www.ifex.org/mexico/2011/06/20/mariscal_obstaculizada/es/; CENCOS/IFEX. June 27, 2011. Concern over harassment and attacks on journalists in Chiapas. Available at: http://www.ifex.org/mexico/2011/06/30/mandujano_acoso/es/

644 Article 19/IFEX. July 11, 2011. Cyber attack on three online media outlets in Quintana Roo. Available at: http://www.ifex.org/mexico/2011/07/14/ataque_cibernetico/es/; Online journalists. July 13, 2011. Online media in Quintana Roo victims of cyber attacks. Available at: http://www.periodistasenlinea.org/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=19273

645 Article 19/IFEX. September 28, 2011. Indirect censorship of the magazine Proceso carried out through mass purchases. Available at: http://www.ifex.org/mexico/2011/09/28/proceso_compra_masiva/es/; El Mundo. September 17, 2011. Mass purchase of the Mexican magazine Proceso is denounced in several cities. Available at: http://www.elmundo.es/america/2011/09/13/mexico/1315936086.html

646 World Association of Community Broadcasters (AMARC). May 28, 2011. Circuit magistrate upholds conviction of community communicator. Available at: http://migracion.amarcmexico.org/?p=69; El Mercurio Digital. June 7, 2011. RSF asks for investigation into murder of journalist Noel López. Available at: http://www.elmercuriodigital.net/2011/06/rsf-pide-una-investigacion-sobre-el.html; Article 19. July 13, 2009. Persecution of community radio stations. Available at: http://www.libertad-expresion.org.mx/noticias/persecucion-a-radios-comunitarias/#more-2599

647 According to reports, he was charged under Article 150 of the General Public Property Act. See General Public Property Act. Published in the Diario Oficial on May 20, 2004. Available at: http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/267.pdf

648 World Association of Community Broadcasters (AMARC). January 19, 2011. Member of community radio station in Veracruz apprehended. Available at: http://legislaciones.item.org.uy/index?q=node/2163; InfoVeracruz. May 28, 2011. Transmissions of community radio station La Precisa del Paso del Macho canceled by court order. Available at: http://www.infoveracruz.com/noticias/2011/05/cancela-transmisiones-radio-comunitaria-la-precisa-de-paso-del-macho-por-una-orden-judicial/; El Mundo de Córdoba. January 21, 2011. Communicator posts bail, but is not released. Available at: http://www.elmundodecordoba.com/noticias/regional/200-otras-poblaciones/1011848-CR1N3RADIO

649 Cf. IACHR. Annual Report 2010. OEA/SER.L/V/II. Doc. 5. March 7, 2011. Volume II: Annual Report of the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression. Chap. II: 2010 Special Report on Freedom of Expression in Mexico. Para. 766. Available at: http://www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/2010eng/RELATORIA_2010_ENG.pdf

650 IACHR. Annual Report 2009. OEA/SER.L/V/II. Doc.51. December 30, 2009. Volume II: Annual Report of the Special Rapporteurship for Freedom of Expression. Chapter VI (Freedom of Expression and Broadcasting). Paras. 40-41. Available at: http://www.cidh.oas.org/pdf%20files/RELEAnual%202009.pdf

651 IACHR. Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression. Freedom of Expression Standards for Free and Inclusive Broadcasting. OEA/Ser.L/V/II IACHR/RELE/INF. 3/09. December 30, 2009. Paras. 30, 97. Available at: http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/expression/docs/publications/Broadcasting%20and%20freedom%20of%20expresion%20FINAL%20PORTADA.pdf

652 See IACHR. Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression. Inter-American Framework on the Right to Freedom of Expression. OEA/Ser.L/V/II IACHR/RELE/INF. 2/09. December 30, 2009. Para 234, 235. Available at: http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/expression/docs/publications/Broadcasting%20and%20freedom%20of%20expresion%20FINAL%20PORTADA.pdf

653 Cf. IACHR. Annual Report 2010. OEA/SER.L/V/II. Doc. 5. March 7, 2011. Volume II: Annual Report of the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression. Para. 757. Available at: http://www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/2010eng/RELATORIA_2010_ENG.pdf

654 Months after the journalist’s arrest, a group of soldiers searched his home on July 31, 2008. A similar incident took place again on August 18, 2010. In addition, on August 31, 2009, at least two attorneys defending Jesús Lemus Barajas were shot to death by unknown individuals. Reporters Without Borders. May 17, 2011. Jesús Lemus Barajas freed after three years of imprisonment without evidence. Available at: http://www.rsf-es.org/news/mexico-en-libertad-jesus-lemus-barajas-tras-tres-anos-de-encarcelamiento-sin-pruebas/; PEN International Writers in Prison Committee. May 18, 2011. Mexico. Journalist acquitted after three years in prison; fears for safety. Available at: http://uyghurpen.org/pen-press-id31.html; Senate of the Republic of the United Mexican States. May 28, 2008. Point of agreement on situation of Jesús Lemus Barajas, journalist and director of newspaper El Tiempo. Available at: http://www.senado.gob.mx/index.php?ver=sp&mn=2&sm=2&id=8723&lg=60

655 CENCOS/IFEX. August 26, 2011. Local deputy files criminal complaint against Nayarit reporter for defamation. Available at: http://www.ifex.org/mexico/2011/08/29/garcia_ortega_demanda/es/; Periodistas en Español. August 31, 2011. Journalism in Mexico: Local deputy files criminal complaint against Nayarit reporter for defamation. Available at: http://www.periodistas-es.org/libertad-de-expresion/periodismo-en-mexico-diputado-local-denuncia-a-una-reportera-de-nayarit-por-injuria

656 Communication from the Secretary of the governments of Veracruz state Gerardo Buganza Salmerón to the Special Rapporteur, September 1, 2011, in possession of the Office of the Special Rapporteur. El Informador. August 31, 2011. Two Twitter users imprisoned in Veracruz on allegations of terrorism. Available at: http://www.informador.com.mx/primera/2011/318858/6/encarcelan-en-veracruz-a-dos-twitteros-por-presunto-terrorismo.htm; El Economista. August 30, 2011. Twitter users imprisoned in Veracruz for "terrorism." Available at: http://eleconomista.com.mx/sociedad/2011/08/30/twitteros-presos-veracruz-terrorismo

657 Communication from the Secretary of the governments of Veracruz state Gerardo Buganza Salmerón to the Special Rapporteur. September 1, 2011. In possession of the Office of the Special Rapporteur.

658 El Comercio. September 21, 2011. Veracruz government drops charges of "terrorism" against Twitter users. Available at: http://www.elcomercio.com/mundo/Gobierno-Veracruz-retira-terrorismo-twitteros_0_558544230.html; BBC. September 21, 2011. Mexico ‘Twitter Terrorism’ Charges Dropped. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-15010202

659 Legislative Gazette Year I No. 54 of September 20, 2011. Pg. 4. Available at: http://www.legisver.gob.mx/gaceta/gacetaLXII/GACETA54E.pdf. Cf. Veracruz State Congress. September 20, 2011. Veracruz Congress reforms Penal Code. Available at: http://www.legisver.gob.mx/?p=infoCarrusel&idSlider=527; El Universal. September 20, 2011. Veracruz Congress passes Twitter reform. Available at: http://www.eluniversalveracruz.com.mx/12860.html

660 National Human Rights Committee (CNDH in its Spanish acronym). September 22, 2011. Reform of Veracruz Code analyzed. Available at: http://www.cndh.org.mx/sites/all/fuentes/documentos/Comunicados/2011/COM_2011_236.pdf; Uno Noticias. September 23, 2011. CNDH analyzes reform of Veracruz Penal Code. Available at: http://www.unonoticias.com/DS/282599/w-CNDH-analiza-reformas-a-Codigo-Penal-de-Veracruz.html

661 The proposal presented on August 31, 2011, would add the following to the Tabasco Penal Code: “Article 367: Those who through various oral, written, electronic, or any other kind of media distribute false information with the purpose of causing alarm and disturbing the public peace or constitutional order will be sentenced to six months to five years in prison and fined the equivalent of 100 to 500 workdays.” (“A quien por diversos medios orales, escritos, electrónicos, o de cualquier otro tipo, difunda información falsa con el ánimo de causar alarma, perturbar la paz pública o el orden constitucional, se le impondrá prisión de seis meses a cinco años y multa de cien a quinientos días”). The President of the Permanent Commission, José Carlos Ocaña Becerra, turned the document over to the Commission on Public Safety, Civil Protection and Justice for analysis and approval. Tabasco State Congress. August 31, 2011. Proposal to punish those who disrupt the social peace with negligently provided information. Available at: http://www.congresotabasco.gob.mx/legislaturaLX/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=30&Itemid=123

662 See American Convention on Human Rights. Art. 13(5) The famous line from Judge Oliver Wendell Holmes in the case of Schenck v. United States, 249 U.S. 47 (1919) should also be recalled, wherein he expressed that even the strictest protection of freedom of expression does not protect those who falsely shout “fire” in a crowded theater:

The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic. [...] The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent.

663 This section follows up the Special Report on Freedom of Expression in Mexico contained in Chapter II, section 28 of IACHR. Annual Report 2010. OEA/SER.L/V/II. Doc. 5. March 7, 2011. Volume II: Annual Report of the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression. Para. 525 et seq. Available at: http://www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/2010eng/RELATORIA_2010_ENG.pdf. The Special Report is also available at: http://cidh.org/relatoria/ShowDocument.asp?DocumentID=230

664 IACHR. Annual Report 2010. OEA/SER.L/V/II. Doc. 5. March 7, 2011. Volume II: Annual Report of the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression. Para. 525 to 835. Available at: http://www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/2010eng/RELATORIA_2010_ENG.pdf

665 Cf. IACHR. Annual Report 2010. OEA/SER.L/V/II. Doc. 5. March 7, 2011. Volume II: Annual Report of the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression. Para. 534. Available at: http://www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/2010eng/RELATORIA_2010_ENG.pdf

666 Office of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression of the United Nations, Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. August 24, 2010. Joint Official Visit to Mexico: Preliminary Report Executive Summary. Pages 15 and 16. Available at: http://www.cidh.org/Comunicados/Spanish/2010/RELEMexicoEng.pdf

667 IACHR. Annual Report 2010. OEA/SER.L/V/II. Doc. 5. March 7, 2011. Volume II: Annual Report of the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression. Para. 706. Available at: http://www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/2010eng/RELATORIA_2010_ENG.pdf

668 IACHR. Press Release No. 105/11. IACHR Wraps Up Visit to Mexico. September 30, 2011. Available at: http://www.cidh.oas.org/Comunicados/Spanish/2011/105-11sp.htm

669 Report on Mexico: Human rights progress and challenges. Secretary on Foreign Relations. General Directorate on Human Rights and Democracy. SRE 305.90816. September 9, 2011. Available at: http://mision.sre.gob.mx/oi/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=516&Itemid=145&lang=es

670 IACHR. Hearing entitled "Attacks on journalists in Mexico." October 28, 2011. Audio available at: http://www.oas.org/es/cidh/audiencias/TopicsList.aspx?Lang=es&Topic=21

671 Agreement A/145/10 of the Attorney General of the Republic. July 5, 2010. Arts. 2 and 5; IACHR. Annual Report 2010. OEA/SER.L/V/II. Doc. 5. March 7, 2011. Volume II: Annual Report of the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression. Para. 721. Available at: http://www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/2010eng/RELATORIA_2010_ENG.pdf

672 IACHR. Annual Report 2010. OEA/SER.L/V/II. Doc. 5. March 7, 2011. Volume II: Annual Report of the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression. Para. 722. Available at: http://www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/2010eng/RELATORIA_2010_ENG.pdf. See the information submitted to the Office of the Special Rapporteur by the Office of the Special Prosecutor on Crimes against Freedom of Expression during the in loco visit.

673 IACHR. Annual Report 2010. OEA/SER.L/V/II. Doc. 5. March 7, 2011. Volume II: Annual Report of the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression. Para. 723. Available at: http://www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/2010sp/RELATORIA_2010_ESP.pdf; Office of the Special Prosecutor on Crimes against Journalists. 2009 Report; Interview with Office of the Special Prosecutor on Crimes against Freedom of Expression. August 12, 2010.

674 IACHR. Annual Report 2010. OEA/SER.L/V/II. Doc. 5. March 7, 2011. Volume II: Annual Report of the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression. Para. 724. Available at: http://www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/2010eng/RELATORIA_2010_ENG.pdf

675 An analysis of the efforts made toward federalization under this recommendation at: IACHR. Annual Report 2010. OEA/SER.L/V/II. Doc. 5. March 7, 2011. Volume II: Annual Report of the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression. Paras. 725, 726 et seq. Available at: http://www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/2010eng/RELATORIA_2010_ENG.pdf

676 Report on Mexico: Human rights progress and challenges. Secretary on Foreign Relations. General Directorate on Human Rights and Democracy. SRE 305.90816. September 9, 2011. Section VII.2. Freedom of expression and the right to access to information. Paras. 2 and 25. Available at: http://mision.sre.gob.mx/oi/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=516&Itemid=145&lang=es

677 Report on Mexico: Human rights progress and challenges. Secretary on Foreign Relations. General Directorate on Human Rights and Democracy. SRE 305.90816. September 9, 2011. Section VII.2. Freedom of expression and the right to access to information. Para. 34. Available at: http://mision.sre.gob.mx/oi/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=516&Itemid=145&lang=es

678 Report on Mexico: Human rights progress and challenges. Secretary on Foreign Relations. General Directorate on Human Rights and Democracy. SRE 305.90816. September 9, 2011. Section VII.2. Freedom of expression and the right to access to information. Paras. 34, 66. Available at: http://mision.sre.gob.mx/oi/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=516&Itemid=145&lang=es

679 El Universal. August 18, 2011. Cynthia Cárdenas, “New telling of an old story, and without results.” Available at: http://blogs.eluniversal.com.mx/weblogs_detalle14580.html; El Universal. August 10, 2011. The North, dangerous for the press. Available at: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/187919.html; Congress Channel. August 9, 2011. Prosecutor on crimes against journalists appears (video). Available at: http://www.youtube.com/canaldelcongreso#p/u/18/tIr-H7X1Epw. Cf. Office of the Attorney General of the Republic of Mexico. Fourth Work Report 2010. Pgs. 241-253. Available at: http://www.pgr.gob.mx/Temas%20Relevantes/Documentos/Informes%20Institucionales/4o%20Informe%20PGR%20completo.pdf

680 El Universal. August 18, 2011. Cynthia Cárdenas, “New telling of an old story, and without results.” Available at: http://blogs.eluniversal.com.mx/weblogs_detalle14580.html; La Silla Rota. August 9, 2011. Officials are the ones who attack journalists the most: FEADLE. Available at: http://lasillarota.com/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=17797:funcionarios-quienes-m%C3%A1s-violentan-a-periodistas-feadle&Itemid=59; El Universal. August 10, 2011. The North, dangerous for the press. Available at: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/187919.html; Congress Channel. August 9, 2011. Prosecutor on crimes against journalists appears (video). Available at: http://www.youtube.com/canaldelcongreso#p/u/18/tIr-H7X1Epw. Cf. Report on Mexico: Human rights progress and challenges. Secretary on Foreign Relations, General Directorate on Human Rights and Democracy, SRE 305.90816. September 9, 2011, Section VII. 2. Freedom of expression and the right to access to information. Para. 34 (reporting 65 precautionary measures, 35 criminal actions launched, and 158 investigations in progress between September of 2010 and June 30, 2011.)

681 El Universal. August 18, 2011. Cynthia Cárdenas, “New telling of an old story, and without results.” Available at: http://blogs.eluniversal.com.mx/weblogs_detalle14580.html; El Universal. August 18, 2011. New telling of an old story, and without results. Available at: http://blogs.eluniversal.com.mx/weblogs_detalle14580.html. Also see Congress Channel. August 9, 2011. Prosecutor on crimes against journalists appears (video). Available at: http://www.youtube.com/canaldelcongreso#p/u/18/tIr-H7X1Epw

682 Animal Político. August 9, 2011. Mexican journalists live under threat of drug traffickers: FEADLE. Available at: http://www.animalpolitico.com/2011/08/periodistas-mexicanos-viven-bajo-amenaza-del-narco-feadle/; El Universal. August 18, 2011. Cynthia Cárdenas, “New telling of an old story, and without results.” Available at: http://blogs.eluniversal.com.mx/weblogs_detalle14580.html

683 El Universal. August 10, 2011. The North, dangerous for the press. Available at: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/187919.html; Congress Channel. August 9, 2011. Prosecutor on crimes against journalists appears (video). Available at: http://www.youtube.com/canaldelcongreso#p/u/18/tIr-H7X1Epw

684 According to what the Chamber of Deputies passed, Article 73 would establish that, “federal authorities can also hear local jurisdiction crimes when connected with federal crimes or crimes against journalists in the exercise of freedoms of expression, information and the press.” Chamber of Deputies. Report of the United Commissions on Constitutional Matters and Justice, with draft decree that adds to the second paragraph of section XXI of article 73 of the Constitution of the United Mexican States. Available at: http://gaceta.diputados.gob.mx/; El Universal. November 12, 2011. Legislation passed to federalize crimes against journalists. Available at: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/190744.html; Sin Embargo. November 11, 2011. Deputies approve federalization of crimes against journalists. Available at: http://www.sinembargo.mx/11-11-2011/72416

685 Constitution of the United Mexican States. Article 135.

686 IACHR. Annual Report 2010. OEA/SER.L/V/II. Doc. 5. March 7, 2011. Volume II: Annual Report of the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression. Para. 821. Available at: http://www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/2010eng/RELATORIA_2010_ENG.pdf

687 IACHR. Hearing entitled "Attacks on journalists in Mexico." October 27, 2011. Audio available at: http://www.oas.org/es/cidh/audiencias/TopicsList.aspx?Lang=es&Topic=21

688 IACHR. Annual Report 2010. OEA/SER.L/V/II. Doc. 5. March 7, 2011. Volume II: Annual Report of the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression. Para. 708. Available at: http://www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/2010eng/RELATORIA_2010_ENG.pdf

689 SEGOG. Unit for the promotion and defense of human rights. Coordination agreement for the implementation of preventive actions and actions to protect journalists. November 30, 2010. Available at: http://www.derechoshumanos.gob.mx/work/models/Derechos_Humanos/Resource/134/1/images/ConvenioPeriodistas.pdf

690 IACHR. Annual Report 2010. OEA/SER.L/V/II. Doc. 5. March 7, 2011. Volume II: Annual Report of the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression. Para. 710. Available at: http://www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/2010eng/RELATORIA_2010_ENG.pdf; Citing Communication OEA-02547 from the Mexico Permanent Mission before the OAS to the Office of the Special Rapporteur, received on November 11, 2010.

691 IACHR. Annual Report 2010. OEA/SER.L/V/II. Doc. 5. March 7, 2011. Volume II: Annual Report of the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression. Para. 711. Available at: http://www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/2010eng/RELATORIA_2010_ENG.pdf

692 IACHR. Annual Report 2010. OEA/SER.L/V/II. Doc. 5. March 7, 2011. Volume II: Annual Report of the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression. Para. 711. Available at: http://www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/2010eng/RELATORIA_2010_ENG.pdf

693 Report on Mexico: Human rights progress and challenges. Secretary on Foreign Relations. General Directorate on Human Rights and Democracy. SRE 305.90816. September 9, 2011. Section VII.2. Freedom of expression and the right to access to information. Paras. 26, 62. Available at: http://mision.sre.gob.mx/oi/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=516&Itemid=145&lang=es

694 SEGOG. Unit for the promotion and defense of human rights. November 7, 2011. Representatives of the journalists’ association. Disponible en: http://www.derechoshumanos.gob.mx/es/Derechos_Humanos/Representantes_del_gremio_periodistico

695 El Universal. October 6, 2011. Morelos to join agreement to protect journalists. Available at: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/estados/82420.html; Mexican Reporters Network of Morelos, National Center for Social Communication, Periodistas de a Pie, Casa del Periodista, ARTICLE XIX. October 5, 2011. Pending issues in Coordination Agreement for the Implementation of Preventive Actions and Actions to Protect Journalists given support of Morelos State. Available at: http://www.libertad-expresion.org.mx/noticias/los-pendientes-del-convenio-de-coordinacion-para-la-implementacion-de-acciones-de-prevencion-y-proteccion-a-periodistas-ante-la-adhesion-del-estado-de-morelos/

696 Article 19. Analysis of the legal framework for a mechanism of protection in Mexico. Available at the archive of the Office of the Special Rapporteur; Mexican Reporters Network of Morelos, National Center for Social Communication, Periodistas de a Pie, Casa del Periodista, ARTICLE XIX. October 5, 2011. Pending issues in Coordination Agreement for the Implementation of Preventive Actions and Actions to Protect Journalists given support of Morelos State. Available at: http://www.libertad-expresion.org.mx/noticias/los-pendientes-del-convenio-de-coordinacion-para-la-implementacion-de-acciones-de-prevencion-y-proteccion-a-periodistas-ante-la-adhesion-del-estado-de-morelos/. Also see the presentation of Article 19 in the hearing held before the IACHR on October 28. IACHR. Hearing entitled "Attacks on journalists in Mexico." October 28, 2011. Audio available at: http://www.oas.org/es/cidh/audiencias/TopicsList.aspx?Lang=es&Topic=21

697 Centro de Derechos Humanos de la Montaña Tlachinollan, CMDPDH, Fundar, Artículo 19, Todos los Derechos Para Todos. November 18, 2011. Secretary of Governments must make adequate use of resources for the validity of Human Rights. Available at: http://www.tlachinollan.org/Comunicados/segob-obligado-a-hacer-uso-adecuado-de-recursos-para-la-vigencia-de-los-derechos-humanos.html

698 IACHR. Annual Report 2010. OEA/SER.L/V/II. Doc. 5. March 7, 2011. Volume II: Annual Report of the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression. Para. 712. Available at: http://www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/2010eng/RELATORIA_2010_ENG.pdf

699 IACHR. Hearing entitled "Attacks on journalists in Mexico." October 28, 2011. Audio available at: http://www.oas.org/es/cidh/audiencias/TopicsList.aspx?Lang=es&Topic=21

700 IACHR. Hearing entitled "Attacks on journalists in Mexico." October 28, 2011. Audio available at: http://www.oas.org/es/cidh/audiencias/TopicsList.aspx?Lang=es&Topic=21

701 National Police. February 22, 2011. Complaint A-0004-2011-00952. Available at the archives of the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression; Nicaraguan Center for Human Rights (Centro Nicaragüense de Derechos Humanos, CENIDH). 23 de febrero de 2011. Letter to the Special Rapporteurship for Freedom of Expression. Available in the files of the Special Rapporteurship for Freedom of Expression; Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ). February 23, 2011. Periodista investigativo nicaragüense recibe amenazas de muerte. Available at: http://www.cpj.org/es/2011/02/periodista-investigativo-nicaraguense-recibe-amena.php; Reporters Without Borders. February 22, 2011. El Nuevo Diario, en medio de la tormenta tras revelar casos de corrupción http://es.rsf.org/nicaragua-el-nuevo-diario-en-medio-de-la-22-02-2011,39600.html

702 El Nuevo Diario. June 30, 2011. Hallan a presunto autor de amenaza a Luis Galeano. Available at: http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/nacionales/106407

703 Nicaraguan Human Rights Center (CENIDH) and Center for Justice and International Law (CEJIL). October 24, 2011. Statement before the IACHR for the hearing on the situation of civil and political rights in Nicaragua. pp. 4 et seq. Available at: Archives of the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression.

704 El Nuevo Diario. September 20, 2011. Periodista END exiliada. Available at: http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/nacionales/114366-periodista-end-exiliada

705 AFP News Agency (Agence France-Presse). August 5, 2011. Diario de Nicaragua denuncia amenazas contra una periodista. Available at: http://noticias.terra.com.pe/internacional/latinoamerica/diario-de-nicaragua-denuncia-amenazas-contra-una-periodista,56b9c86540b91310VgnVCM10000098f154d0RCRD.html; La Prensa. August 6, 2011. Periodista de Jinotega amenazada. Available at: http://www.laprensa.com.ni/2011/08/06/nacionales/69016

706 El Nuevo Diario. December 20, 2011. Periodista END exiliada. Available at: http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/nacionales/114366-periodista-end-exiliada; Confidencial. September 21, 2011. Cabeza sangrante de gallina. Available at: http://www.confidencial.com.ni/articulo/4929/cabeza-sangrante-de-gallina; Nicaraguan Human Rights Center (CENIDH) and Center for Justice and International Law (CEJIL). October 24, 2011. Statement before the IACHR for the hearing on the situation of civil and political rights in Nicaragua. pp. 4 et seq. Available at: Archives of the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression.

707 Communication from the Nicaraguan Human Rights Center (CENIDH) to the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression. August 15, 2011. Available at: Archives of the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression.

708 On September 1, Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression requested information from the State about the investigations into the threats received by Silvia González and the results thereof; the suspect’s alleged ties to any political organization; the judicial proceedings brought against the suspect, and the circumstances of the summoning of González’s daughter to give a statement at the police station; and finally, it asked whether there had been any public statement condemning the threats and intimidation reported by Nicaraguan journalists.

709 The documentation submitted by the State in its response to the Office of the Special Rapporteur provides the statement given by Yaneris Sobalvarro González, the daughter of journalist Silvia González, on August 2, 2011 at the National Police premises. At that time, Sobalvarro stated that the suspect had told her he had heard that “Silvia was talking about politics on the radio and that she should be very careful, that she should not be out on the streets, and if she did go out, she should not go on foot because it was very dangerous.” Sobalvarro added that the suspect “at no time threatened her, let alone told her that she was in their sights.” As for the appearance of the suspect and Silvia González at the National Police offices on August 4, 2011, the record of the proceeding indicates that the suspect stated that he had told Sobalvarro “to be careful, since her mother was a public figure (…) especially now that it’s election season.” In addition, he said that, “at no time had he made threats (since) the only thing he did was give her a piece of advice without any bad intent.” Office of the Attorney General of the Republic. September 22, 2011. Official Letter PGR 1915. Available at: Archives of the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression.

710 Nicaraguan Human Rights Center (CENIDH) and Center for Justice and International Law (CEJIL). October 24, 2011. Statement before the IACHR for the hearing on the situation of civil and political rights in Nicaragua. pp. 4 et seq. Available at: Archives of the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression.

711 Nicaraguan Human Rights Center (CENIDH). Communication to the IACHR in reference to precautionary measures 277-08. April 4, 2011. Available at: Archives of the IACHR.

712 Communication from the State of Nicaragua to the IACHR in reference to precautionary measures 277-08. May 31, 2011. Available at: Archives of the IACHR.

713 El Nuevo Diario. January 25, 2011. Orteguismo saca del aire a Canal 15 Condega TV. Available at: http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/nacionales/93202; Inter-American Press Association (IAPA). La SIP pide restablecer señal a un canal censurado en Nicaragua. Available at: http://www.sipiapa.org/v4/index.php?page=cont_comunicados&seccion=detalles&id=4513&idioma=sp; Reporters Without Borders. February 3, 2011. Un canal considerado crítico con el gobierno suspende sus programas tras recibir repetidas amenazas. Available at: http://es.rsf.org/nicaragua-un-canal-considerado-como-critica-03-02-2011,39466.html

714 IACHR. Annual Report 2010. OEA/SER.L/V/II. Doc. 5. March 7, 2011. Volume II: Annual Report of the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression. Chapter II (Evaluation of the State of Freedom of Expression in the Hemisphere). Para. 142. Available at: http://www.oas.org/es/cidh/expresion/docs/informes/anuales/Informe%20Anual%202010%20ESPl.pdf

715 La Prensa. December 10, 2010. Agresión a La Prensa y pasividad policial. Available at: http://www.laprensa.com.ni/2010/12/11/politica/46093; El Universal. February 6, 2011. Periódico Nicaragüense denuncia “acoso”. Available at: http://www.eluniversal.com/2011/02/06/int_ava_periodico-de-nicarag_06A5120777.shtml; La Prensa. August 14, 2011. Policía ignora ataque contra La Prensa. Available at: http://www.laprensa.com.ni/2011/08/14/nacionales/69832; La Prensa. September 5, 2011. Acoso a libertad de expresión. Available at: http://www.laprensa.com.ni/2011/09/05/poderes/72240

716 Petition of Luciano Rafael García Mejía before the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights for the violation of due process, freedom of expression, right to equal protection, the right to leave the country freely, and the right to judicial protection, received by the IACHR on October 24, 2011. Available at: Archives of the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression. La Prensa. March 30, 2011. Piden la cabeza de Fidel Moreno. Available at: http://www.laprensa.com.ni/2011/03/30/nacionales/56322; EFE News Service. August 9, 2011. Consejales opositores denuncian desalojo de sus oficinas en alcaldía de Managua. Available at: http://noticias.terra.com.ar/internacionales/concejales-opositores-denuncian-desalojo-de-sus-oficinas-en-alcaldia-managua,2caa91fd420b1310VgnVCM10000098f154d0RCRD.html

717 Nicaraguan Human Rights Center (CENIDH). Communication to the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression, received on February 9, 2011. Available in the files of the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression; Reporters Without Borders. February 22, 2011. Nicaragua: Cerco a El Nuevo Diario por revelar casos de corrupción. Available at: http://www.rsf-es.org/news/nicaragua-cerco-a-el-nuevo-diario-por-revelar-casos-de-corrupcion/

718 Inter-American Press Association (IAPA). April 2011. Information by Country: Nicaragua. Available at: http://www.sipiapa.org/v4/index.php?page=det_informe&asamblea=46&infoid=818&idioma=sp

719 Nicaraguan Human Rights Center (CENIDH). Communication to the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression, received on February 9, 2011. Available in the files of the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression; La Prensa. February 6, 2011. El bozal del CSE. Available at: http://www.laprensa.com.ni/2011/02/06/nacionales/51273

720 IACHR. Annual Report 2010. OEA/SER.L/V/II. Doc. 5. March 7, 2011. Volume II: Annual Report of the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression. Chapter II (Evaluation of the State of Freedom of Expression in the Hemisphere). Para. 339. Available at: http://www.oas.org/es/cidh/expresion/docs/informes/anuales/Informe%20Anual%202010%20ESPl.pdf

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