Introduction to travel concepts and terminology



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Different Types of Trips
A trip is an entire flight itinerary and all of the flights in that itinerary. A segment, or leg, is a portion of a journey between two consecutive stops. One itinerary can have many segments, or it can have only one.
Let’s take a look at the different types of trips.
One-Way Trip – A trip that begins in one city and ends in another.

Round Trip – A trip that begins and ends in the same city. Technically, when the term is used for faring purposes, the return trip must be a mirror image of the outbound trip, with same airline, same routing, and same class of service.



Circle Trip – A trip that involves at least three different flights, and returns to the point of origin.

Open Jaw Trip – A circle trip with a leg missing. The passenger returns to a different city (other than the origin), or departs from a city that was not one of their destinations.
or
ARUNK – ARUNK is an acronym for Arrival Unknown. ARUNK is used to indicate a surface sector in a PNR when the passenger has made his / her own arrangements between cities in an itinerary.

Different Types of Flights of Breaks


Let’s take a look at the different types of flights.
Non-Stop Flight – A flight that makes no stops

Direct Flight – A flight that makes a stop en route, but continues on to the destination without a change in planes (equipment). For example, DL293 flies from Atlanta to Los Angeles. This flight makes a stop in Dallas before continuing on to Los Angeles. Passengers do not have to get off the plane in Dallas to get to their destination.

Connection Flight – A flight that hooks up to another flight to get the passenger to his / her destination. A domestic connection is 4 hours or less between two flights and an international connection is 24 hours or less. On a ticket, or in a PNR, an X by the city code indicates a connecting flight. For example, a customer wants to go from Atlanta to Honolulu on American Airlines. AA does not have one non-stop flight that will take the customer directly from Atlanta to Honolulu, so they have to use 2 flights to get the customer to his / her destination.

A connection flight where the passenger stays on the same airline is considered an on-line connection flight. When more than one airline is used between the origin and destination cities, the connection flight is considered an off-line or inter-line connection flight.
Stopover – A voluntary break in travel that is 4 hours or more for domestic flights and 24 hours or more for international flights. It is a stop at an intermediate point before continuing on to another destination. In a PNR or on a ticket, an O next to the airport code indicates a stopover. If the stopover is overnight, it is usually called a Layover.

Layover – A stop on a trip, usually overnight and usually associated with a change of planes or other transportation.

Module Summary
In this module, we have covered the following:


  • Types of passenger aircraft

  • Booking classes / classes of service

  • Booking codes

  • Airline codes

  • Types of agreements between airlines

  • Different types of trips

  • Different types of flights and breaks

Airline Policies

Airline policies are guidelines with respect to booking and service information, airline agreements, passenger programs, passenger-related issues, ticket types, fare information, refund information, travel packages, and so on.



Objectives
After completing this module, you will be able to:


  • Define frequent flyer programs.

  • Define travel considerations for children and infants, pets, and special requirements.

  • Identify security, check-in, and baggage policies.

  • Identify Passenger Type Codes (PTCs).

  • Identify the types of tickets.

  • Identify fares and Fare Basis Codes.

  • Define voids, exchanges, and refunds.

  • Define LTA / PTA / MCO.

  • Define packages and schedule changes.

Overview


Frequent Flyer Programs
These are programs set up to lure travelers to book on a particular airline on a regular basis by offering them awards.

The more a customer travels on a specific airline, the more miles he / she accumulates and more awards can be earned. Hotels, car rental companies, credit card companies, and almost any company that is associated with the travel industry provide some type of loyalty program. After a passenger has accumulated the required amount of miles, these can be redeemed towards purchasing an award ticket. The airline Frequent Flyer numbers can be entered into the Facts Field of a PNR. Car and Hotel frequent traveler programs can be put into the car or hotel reservation itself. Some of the popular mileage programs of airlines are:


  • Delta: Skymiles

  • United Airlines: Mileage Plus

  • American Airlines: AAdvantage

  • Northwest: WorldPerks

  • Continental: OnePass

  • British Airways: Executive Club

  • Lufthansa: Miles & More

  • Singapore Airlines: Krisflyer

  • Qatar Airways: Privilege Club

  • Emirates: Skywards

  • Air India: Flying Returns



Children and Infants
The ages of consideration for children and infants are:


  • CHILD = ages 2-11 (for air travel)

  • INFANT = under age 2


Unaccompanied Minor – is a child over the age of five (or eight depending on the airline) who is traveling without an adult. Special arrangements have to be made directly with the airline to ensure the child’s safety. This includes providing the airline with the name, address, and telephone number of the person dropping off and picking up the child.


An infant can travel free of charge on an American domestic flight if he / she doesn’t require a seat (sit on a parent’s lap). No reservation is needed for an infant sitting on a parent’s lap, but the airline still needs to be notified of this. On international flights, an infant is charged 10% of the paying adult’s fare or just the tax of an adult fare (depends on the airline and destination).





Pets
Many passengers inquire about bringing their pet with them on a flight. Passengers can bring an animal with them, providing they follow the airline guidelines.


  • The airline must have space for the animal.

  • Many passengers want to bring their pet onboard. Some airlines allow this and some do not. Small domestic animals may be transported on domestic flights for a fee.

The pet can travel:




  • In the Cabin – Normally warm blooded and domesticated household pets are accepted in an aircraft cabin provided the pet is at least 8 weeks old. A standard kennel, not greater than 10 inches that fits under the seat in the row in front, where the pet must be able to comfortably stand up and turn around is allowed. The pet must stay in the kennel for the duration of the flight. Most airlines permit one pet per cabin and space should be blocked at the earliest.

  • In the Cargo Hold – Pets may not be included in free baggage allowance and are subject to a carrying charge. Kennels that are more than 10 inches high will be transported in the cargo hold. The cargo hold is pressured to accommodate the pet. Some airlines, during summer months do not accept pets as checked baggage due to extreme heat and pressure. This period is known as embargo. The passenger should check with the airline for their restrictions.



Special Needs
Many passengers have special requests and the airlines are happy to accommodate them if possible. Some of the requests are for special meals based on health and religion – Kosher, Vegetarian, Diabetic, etc. This type of request can be put in the SSR field of the PNR and must be done directly with the airline. Some passengers with special needs are as shown below:


  • Unaccompanied Minors

  • Pregnant Women

  • Passengers occupying two seats.

  • Passengers requiring supplemental oxygen

  • Passengers requiring a wheelchair or stretcher or syringes for medical needs

  • Runaway Minors

  • Prisoners or Refugees

  • Passengers with disabilities

The Air Carrier Act prohibits discrimination based on handicap in air travel and requires air carriers to accommodate the needs of passengers with disabilities.




  • The airline cannot refuse to transport a passenger based on a disability. They cannot limit the amount of seats sold on a flight to passengers with disabilities and they cannot discriminate against any passenger’s condition, even if it may offend, annoy, or be an inconvenience to crewmembers or other passengers.

  • Carriers may require up to 48-hours notice if the passenger needs special equipment such as oxygen or a room to accommodate a stretcher.

  • Airlines cannot keep anyone out of a seat or require someone to sit in a particular seat based on a handicap except as an FAA safety rule. For example, exit row seating is restricted to persons who can perform a series of functions in an emergency.

  • Most airlines will not bump passenger who have a physical restriction; the airline will do everything possible to make sure that a disabled traveler gets on, and stays on the flight they have reserved.

Other services and accommodations that are required by the airline are to provide assistance with boarding, deplaning, and making connections.




  • Most airlines permit service animals such as seeing eye dogs to travel in the passenger cabin at the feet of the owner. There is usually no fee involved.

  • Most airlines do not require that a self-sufficient passenger travel with a companion or have a doctor’s certificate.

  • Airlines often do offer discounted fares for an attendant or companion to travel with the disabled passenger.



Seat Assignment
Seat Assignment is a service that allows a passenger to choose a specific seat before boarding a flight. A passenger can choose between an aisle seat and a window seat. Although reservations (a seat or space) are confirmed, there are times that seat assignments are not confirmed until you get to the airport.


Security Policies, Check-in, and Baggage
Airlines have increased security measures following recent security threats. It is advisable to arrive early at the airport, if the passenger needs to check in heavy baggage or register for special needs. Passengers should carry valid identification proof, tickets, and boarding passes. Passengers should not be intimidated by additional security checks.
At an airport, check-in is normally handled by the airline. In case a passenger is carrying hand baggage only, he / she can check-in directly. Airlines now offer:


  • Check-in through the Web, kiosks, or telephone if you have a confirmed seat and plan to travel with hand baggage only

  • Check-in at the city office of an airline

  • Check-in for return flights if they are operating the same day or the next

  • Check-in for connecting onward flights.

Check-in procedures vary per airline, and occasionally the same airline at two separate airports may have different check-in procedures due to security restrictions or other factors.




  • Baggage is allowed in the luggage compartment as well as in the cabin. However, a passenger needs to comply with the regulations.

  • All baggage needs to be checked through an X-Ray machine at the airport. Each airline has their respective baggage allowance specifications and excess baggage charges apply for all carriers. Hand Baggage restrictions have been revised in view of the security concerns and Government directives.

  • In order to ensure safety of aircraft and passengers as well as the convenience of fellow passengers, only one piece of cabin baggage of specified dimensions can be carried in the cabin.

  • Due to security requirements passengers may be asked to physically identify their checked baggage before boarding.

  • Despite all efforts to transport the baggage along with passengers, there may be stray cases of non-receipt of baggage or occasional damage during transportation.

Please note that the liability of all airlines in case of mishandling is restricted and all IATA airlines follow the principle of limited liability. Items of value like currency, precious metals, jewelry, negotiable instruments, securities and personal identification documents are best carried in cabin baggage or in person, as the airline has no liability for the same.


Passenger Type Codes (PTCs)


A Passenger Type Code (PTC) in the Passenger Name Record (PNR) provides information about the passenger. The passenger type select option will be used when there is a need to override the existing PTC in the PNR. When the issuing agent specifies a fare related classification other than adult, the issuing agent assumes responsibility for ensuring that the passenger meets all applicable sales restrictions set forth by the Airline. Certain PTCs, such as CHD, SRC, GVT, FFY, etc., alter the standard data and have certain sales restrictions such as age, form of payment, possession of a valid frequent flyer identification card, sales location that can only be enforced by the ticket issuer at the time of ticketing. The ticket issuer is responsible for ensuring that the passenger meets all applicable qualifications.
Refer to the table below for PTCs:


Passenger Type Code (PTC)

Code


Definition


ACC

Accompanied Passenger

ADT

Adult

AGT

Agent

ANN

Companion with age restrictions

ASB

Standby Passenger

ASF

Air-sea Fare

AST

Airline Staff Standby

BLD

Blind

BRV

Bereavement

BUD

Airline Buddy Standby

CCH

Abonnement Subscription for French Territory

CCM

CARD CARRYING MEMBER

CDT

Abonnement Subscription for French Territory

CEV

Evasion Fares

CLG

Clergy

CMA

Adult with companion

CMM

Commuter

CMP

Companion

CNN

Accompanied Children (Max. 11 years of age)
Numbers can be used in place of NN (C08)
*CHD* prints on the ticket

CNV

Convention

CPN

Coupon Discount

CSB

Child Standby

CTZ

Category Z

DIS

Person with Physical Disability

DOD

Department of Defense

EMI

Emigrant

ENN

Group Inclusive Tour Child

FFY

Frequent Flyer

FNN

Family Plan Child

GCF

Government Contract

GCT

City / County Government Travel

GDP

Government Employee Dependent

GEX

Government Exchange




Code


Definition


GGV

Government Traveler

GIT

Group Inclusive Tour

GNN

Group Child

GRP

Group

GSP

Group Student Party

GST

State Government

GVT

Government Travel

HNN

Child

CHD prints on TKT age 02-11 years

SP Active

Discount CH



HOF

Head of Family

ICP

Incentive Certificates

INF

Infant without Seat

INN

Individual Inclusive Tour Child

INS

Infant with Seat

ITX

Individual inclusive tour

JCB

Adult bulk rate

JEC

Journalist of European Committee

JEP

Journalist of European Parliament

JNN

Child Bulk Rate

LBR

Laborer Fare

LIF

Laborer / worker infant

LNN

Laborer / worker child

MCR

Military charter

MDP

Spouse, dependent children, and immediate family members of Military Personnel

MED

Patients traveling for medical treatment

MIL

Military Confirmed

MIR

Military Reserve on Active Duty

MIS

Missionary

MNN

Military Child

MPA

Military Parents / Parents in Law

MRE

Retired Military and Dependents

MSB

Military Standby

MSG

Multi State Government

MUS

Military / DOD based in USA

MXS

Military / DOD not based in USA

NAT

NATO

NEG

NEG

OTS

Passenger occupying two seats

PCR

Adult Charter

PFA

Adult Contract

PFI

Private Fares

PFN

Private Fares

PIL

Pilgrim Fares

PNN

Child Charter

PPE

Private Fares

PRO

Promotional Fare

REC

Military recruit

REF

Refugee


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