It’s Amazing What They Can Do!” The Media and Israel’s “Four Mothers” Protest Movement
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Four Mothers. 1997. [[Meeting minutes--date]] Four Mothers archive, Kibbutz Gadot. Frucht, Leora Eren. 2000. “The Movement that Shaped the Lebanon Pullout.” Jerusalem Post, June 8. Gamson, William and David Meyer. 1996. “Framing Political Opportunity.” Pp. 275-290 in D. McAdam, J. McCarthy, and M. Zald, eds., Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Gamson, William and Gadi Wolfsfeld. 1993. “Movements and Media as Interacting Systems.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences 528:114-125. Gitlin, Todd. 1980. The Whole World Is Watching. Berkeley: University of California Press. Hallin, Daniel. 1986. The Uncensored War: The Media and the Vietnam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hass, Amira. 2003. “Conversation with Amira Hass by Harry Kreisler.” Institute of International Studies, University of California, Berkeley. http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/people3/Hass/hass-con6.html Helman, Sara and Tamar Rapoport. 1997. “Women in Black: Challenging Israel's Gender and Socio-political Orders.” British Journal of Sociology 48 (4): 681-701. Hermann, Tamar. 2006. “Civil Society and NGOs Building Peace in Israel.” Pp. 39-58 in E. Kaufman, W. Salem, and J. Verhoeven, eds., Bridging the Divide: Peacebuilding in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner. Honig, Sarah. 1997. “Barak Raps Beilin Plan for Lebanon Pullout, Rejects National Unity Idea.” The Jerusalem Post (overseas ed.), 9 September. Kielbowitz, Richard and Clifford Scherer. 1986. “The Role of the Press in the Dynamics of Social Movements.” Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change 9: 71-96. Lemish, Dafna and Inbal Barzel. 2000. “‘Four Mothers’: The Womb in the Public Sphere.” European Journal of Communication 15 (2): 147-169. Malka, Vered. unpublished master’s thesis. McAdam, Doug, John McCarthy, and Meyer Zald. 1996. “Introduction: Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Framing Processes—Toward a Synthetic, Comparative Perspective on Social Movements.” Pp. 1-20 in McAdam, McCarthy, and Zald, eds., Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. O’Sullivan, Arieh. 2000. “Commander Offers Backhanded Apology for 'Four Rags' Slur.” Jerusalem Post, 20 February. Peri, Yoram. 2004. Telepopulism: Media and Politics in Israel. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press. Ryan, Charlotte. 1991. Prime Time Activism. Boston, MA: South End Press. Schiff, Ze’ev and Ehud Ya’ari, Israel’s Lebanon War. NY: Simon & Schuster, 1984. Schudson, Michael. 2002. “What's Unusual about Covering Politics as Usual.” In Barbie Zelizer and Stuart Allan, eds. Journalism after September 11. Routledge. Shavit, Ari. 2006. “This War Is Different.” Haaretz, 28 July. Retrieved 3 January 2007. Internet: (http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=743694). Small, Melvin. 1994. Covering Dissent: The Media and the Anti-Vietnam War Movement. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. Tarrow, Sidney. 1994. Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action, and Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Wolfsfeld, Gadi. 1997. Media and Political Conflict. News From the Middle East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Wolfsfeld, Gadi. 2004. Media and the Path to Peace. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Author Interviews Armony, Ora. Editor. Kibbutz Malkia, June 18 2007. Yossi Beilin. Jerusalem. June 11 2007. Ben Dor, Rachel. Four Mothers founder and chairperson. Pittsburgh. August 11-12, 2007. Ben Zvi, Linda. Four Mothers Coordinator for Foreign Media. By telephone. [[XX]] 2006. Ben Zvi, Shmuel. Four Mothers treasurer. Tel Aviv. June 10, 2007. Haggai, Gadi. Four Mothers media consultant. Tel Aviv. June 20, 2007. Fertig, Michal. Videographer. Kibbutz Shamir [[June XX, 2007.]] Gruber, Freddy. Journalist, Channel 1. Tel Aviv, June 12, 2007. Shahar, Eran. Journalist, Ha’Kibbutz. Hertzliya, June 13, 2007. Shelah, Ofer. Journalist. Tel Aviv, June 20, 2007 1 The four women who were interviewed for the article that gave the group its name were Rachel Ben Dor, Ronit Nachmias, Yaffa Arbel, and Miri Sela. 2 For strategic reasons, the group decided to avoid formal affiliation with Beilin, but did cooperate with Beilin’s group in large-scale rallies, which Beilin’s organization funded. 3 A very small pro-war group, the “Three Fathers,” occasionally added a bit of drama at Four Mothers’ demonstrations. Ryan (1991: 41) notes that a counter-demonstration makes an event more newsworthy “because it makes conflict visual in a way that crowds with banners do not.” 4 Among Israeli Jews, those believing that Arabs wanted to destroy Israel fell to 19 percent in 1997 and 1999, compared with 49 percent in 1991, at the time of the Gulf war (Arian 1997, 1998, 1999). 5 Through Druze Arab parents in the movement, the group did contact newspapers in Lebanon to report on movement activities. 6 In fact, Israel appears to have lacked a coherent political or military policy toward the Lebanon war: The IDF Northern Command and Military Intelligence, for example, disagreed on whether and how to continue the war and government leadership was on the issue was absent (Shelah 2007). 7 Ben Dor (2007) believed most of the internal problems were caused by movement supporters who did not have children fighting in Lebanon. 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